Human Rights Conditions in Thailand Essay - 1095 Words

Human rights have been a factor that dominates many trades throughout the world; affecting world growth, production, trade, and more. The world has been crawling to the top, world leaders racing to govern countries with better economics, politics, and power. In the process human rights become ignored, forgotten, and abused. Some conditions have improved, while others have worsened. The human right conditions in Thailand, although ranked a partially free country, has been unchanged for the past few years, and experiences many human rights violations from prisoner torture to police brutality. Thailand is the only country to avoid direct colonial rule. In 1932 the country transformed to a constitutional monarchy the lower government is†¦show more content†¦In the past Thailand experienced many different regime changes. In the 1980s the country experienced strong economic growth. On October 25, 2004 security forces opened fire on protestors outside a Tak Bai police station in so uthern Thailand. Seven where shot and killed, seventy-eight were suffocated or crushed to death; and over a thousand injured were held in police custody for days without medical care. Officials claim, they were only doing their jobs (Government). The three southern most provinces were pronounced under emergency decreed in 2005. Authorities use là ¨se-majestà © laws to justify human rights violations. In 2006 Thaksin was removed from office by a military coup. In March-May of 2010 there were ninety reported deaths and over two-thousand injured (World). The southern provinces experienced security force brutality and abuse, free speech restrictions, and violation of refugee and migrant rights. In 2011 the current prime minister Yingluck, was elected into office. Since Yingluck was elected into office, in 2011, she has yet to approach the subject of human rights violations, not providing accountability. She is receiving much criticism for her relation to former prime minister Thaksi n, her brother. The conditions of human rights have not improved much. On August 1, 2013 the supreme court of Thailand failed eighty-five people and their families, who have been waiting over eight years for justice, when theyShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Human Rights Violations846 Words   |  4 PagesHuman trafficking is one of today’s egregious human rights violations. Traffickers focus on the most vulnerable members of society, preying mostly on women, and children, yet men are also trafficked in high numbers. Trafficking of a person refers to the, â€Å"illegal trade of a human being for sexual exploitation or forced labor through abduction, force, threat, or fraud† (UNOC 2015). Human trafficking can come in many forms such as, sex exploitation, forced labour, as well as forced donor-ship. TheRead MoreNestle : A Swiss Giant Worldwide Food Company Essay966 Words   |  4 Pageswhich sells cat food used slave labor and human trafficking for catching fish i n Thailand to produce their pet food. However, Nestlà © did not admit that they used slave labor for their supply chain. This course of action made some of their customers sued a lawsuit and started saying that they would stop consuming their pet food because Nestlà © was making their consumers supporting the violation of human rights. In fact, most of the slave labors in Thailand were men and boys, and many of them were traffickingRead MoreThe Importance Of Caritas As A Catholic Social Organisation1332 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify Caritas in Thailand because Thailand is my homeland and Thailand has a lot of poor people. Many people in Thailand need the helping from organisation and I think Caritas Thailand is a great organisation to service people. Caritas Thailand is not only help or service people, they teach about the Catholic teaching to the people too. Also people will get the Catholic social teaching from Caritas Thailand and this Catholic social teaching is important for live. Caritas Thailand is set up in MarchRead MoreModern Day Slavery Of Thailand1525 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in Thailand Every year, Thailand experiences high rates of human trafficking from its rural parts and from its the neighboring countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Sex trafficking is not just described as the trade in humans for sexual slavery but also consists of forced marriages or even martyr organ donors. Trafficking is often seen through the hue of sexual slavery and it is critical to understand the social, political and economic reasons that contribute to the growth of human traffickingRead MoreThe Global North And Global South Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesbe examining specifically the United States’ relationship with Thailand with regards to preventing human trafficking. From a consequentialist lens, it’ll be determined whether or not the efforts of United States have been effective, worth the expense and the ultimate impact on the Global South nation of Thailand. HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THAILAND Thailand, located in southeast Asia, is home to a large percentage of the world’s human trafficking violations. This means that large quantities of menRead MoreProstitution Prevention And Prevention Act1560 Words   |  7 Pageshe perpetuation of human sex trafficking and the rising numbers of trafficked victims is also linked to Thailand’s weak government. The combination of widespread corruption among government officials and the lack of enforcement of laws concerning the Thai sex industry has lead to the prominence of human sex trafficking. The 1996 Prostitution Prevention and Prevention Act was implemented to punish pimps, procurers, brothel owners and customers, however; this law and many others designed to protectRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Child Trafficking1264 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary This report investigates the causes and consequences of child trafficking in Thailand and the significant impact that it might have on the victims. Human trafficking is the violation of human rights involving â€Å"extreme forms of exploitation and abuse† (Kiss et al. 2015). Thailand is the main destination for child trafficking, as it â€Å"is recognised as a state with significant levels of child trafficking† (Pink 2013). The majority of the victims are trafficked for forced labour, withRead MoreThe Article Child Trafficking Thailand : Prevention And Prosecution Challenges `` By Ross Michael Pink851 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"Child Trafficking in Thailand: Prevention and Prosecution Challenges†, published in 2013 by Ross Michael Pink, examines the intersect of poverty, marginalization and entrenched patterns of corruption of Thailand’s Police and Judiciary System, that enables an environment for child trafficking. Despite Thailand being a s ignatory of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989), the country fails to comply to Articles 34 ad 35 of the Convention—that State Parties protectRead MoreAsian Immigration to the United States Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheast Asia. The bordering countries are Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. Laotians are descendants of Thai tribes that Yunnan, China discouraged and segregated the Laotians to the South. The country was originally called Lan Xang which was founded by Fa Ngoun (1353- 1373), who was a part of the Khmer (Cambodian) Civilization in Laos. Lan Xang wagered war towards their surrounding countries Khmer, Burmese, Vietnamese, and Thailand, a sections of Yunnan, China, of Southern Myanmar, of the VietnameseRead MoreThe Economic And Social Development Plan1211 Words   |  5 PagesPlan began in 1961, emphasis has been on economic development. Natural resources and human capital expanded the production base, employment opportunities and national income. These guidelines were appropriate for and consistent with the country s situation in the early period of national development because of abundant natural resources and an excess labour supply, especially in the agricultural sector. Thailand s production and exports, therefore, were attributed largely to these comparative advantages

Femininity Of Shakespeare s Macbeth And King Lear

Femininity in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and King Lear William Shakespeare, arguably the greatest English writer of all time, uses his plays and characters to teach moral lessons. Often, he uses extreme examples and circumstances that seem excessive and unrealistic, but he seems to abide by the rule that Flannery O’Connor later articulated: â€Å"†¦to the hard of hearing you shout, and for the almost blind you draw large and startling figures† (Collected Works). In order to ensure that he got his point across, he relied on flamboyant examples. In Shakespeare’s famous tragedies Macbeth and King Lear, he uses extreme characterization in order to teach a lesson about the role of femininity. Traditionally and historically, women have been nurturers. As the ones who carry, bear, and nurse children, women seemingly instinctively care for their families, particularly their children, but also husbands and parents. Lady Macbeth from Macbeth and Goneril and Regan fr om King Lear are vicious. The callousness that they display often causes readers to pause, not only because of the cruelty, but also because such heartlessness is particularly shocking coming from women. The actions and words of these three women completely defy the traditionally feminine characteristic of nurturing. Lady Macbeth completely forsakes her nurturing instinct. She does seem to care for at least the social standing of her husband in that she is determined to see him become king. However, she demonstrates an astoundingShow MoreRelatedFemale Characters Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet2248 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract—Numerous characters appear in the works of England’s most prominent play writer, William Shakespeare. Most of the time, his male protagonists possess various and complex characteristics throughout the storyline of his work, making it interesting for the readers to analyze their actions in many different aspects. However, some critics a rgue that unlike male characters, Shakespeare’s female characters are rather more flat and one-sided, pointing out that they are either the extreme versionRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pages------------------------------------------------- Macbeth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Shakespeare s play. For other uses, see  Macbeth (disambiguation). A poster for a  c.  1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted, counter clockwise from top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. Macbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest

Nursing Policy for American College of Emergency Physicians

Questions: 1. What are the actual/potential Medical Issues?2. What are the actual/potential Legal issues?3. What are the actual/potential Ethical/Moral issues?4. What are the facts?5. Evaluate Alternative Actions.6. Test your Decision.7. How would you respond if you were in this situation? Explain and support your stance. Answers: 1. What are the actual/potential Medical Issues? The actual medical issue is the inadequate medical resources to care for the patient since there is potential psychotic. The potential aggressiveness of the patient poses the risk of destruction of property and injury of staffs. Information on his medical history indicates the possibility of assault to medical staffs. Moreover, the patient is on no admit list (ACEM, 2008). 2. What are the actual/potential Legal issues? The potential legal issues are violation of client right for admission in the hospital and involuntary examination. On the other hand, medical staffs have right to good working condition without life threatening conditions such as assault and abuse. The legal issue is failure to attend to patient at Baker Act receiving facility (UFHealth, 2016). It is clear to note that the patient was already diagnosed with bipolar disorder and there is enough evidence that the patient is mentally ill which is defined by the Baker Act. 3. What are the actual/potential Ethical/Moral issues? It is ethical to dismiss the client politely based on the potential dangers associated with the client after assessment (Pande et al 2010). Firstly, the patient is potential injurious to both the medical staff and the system. Secondly, there is possibility that patients emotional or mood changes may cause him to destroy the facility and this is not necessarily harm to the hospital but also to the community in general. Thirdly, containing the patient in the facility is expensive since there are few staffs to care for him. 4. What are the facts? Based on the medical history, client documented information and behaviour the client poses risk to both the system and our life as medical staffs. I know that admitting the patient into the facility will automatically lead to conflict with the hospital management since he is in no admit list. Equally, I dont know how to dismiss the client as there is possibility of assault when he realized that there is no treatment. The option left is to give the clients some fast medication before sending him away to avoid any aggressive behaviour while sending him away (Zeller and Ashley, 2014). 5. Evaluate Alternative Actions. a. Dismissing the patient in polite was will ensure least harm to staff with minimal stressful working condition for nurses. Though the law requires patient detention, it is too risky to detain him since we have enough evidence to prove his potential aggressive behaviour (UFHealth, 2016). b. Examining of the client before dismissing him is the client right. On the other hand, the client is dismissed without admission to avoid any disturbance and assault of the staff. c. Examining the client before discharging him away will treat all people fairly the client need medical attention while calm. The action need not to trigger the emotional change in the patient to avoid aggressive behaviour. d. Medical assessment of the patient with intention to contain their right mind is good for his life. As the patient still remain calm it is good to asses him and send him away as this will also give the medical staffs avoid collusion with the management. Consideration of all implications and the outcome of my decision embody the character strength of my value. My decision to discharge the patient after a short assessment is aiming to treat the patient with fairness while protecting my working condition from both law and hospital management. e. I am legally bound to involuntarily admit and provide the required medical examination to the patient. The consequence of not following the Baker Act is facing the court charges if the matter is reported to the court. According to Baker Act reporting center, the Baker Act should be enforced by nurses, health professionals and physicians (Bret et al 2013). f. It is the policy of the hospital not to admit those patients with potential abuse of the services and the facilities. This policy is not legal since it clashes with the Baker Act that provides that any individual with mental disorder be involuntarily examined at the baker act enforcement facility. On the other hand, the hospital policies are ethical since it cites the necessary dangers associated with patients on no admit list. 6. Test your Decision. I would comfortably explain my decision to my mother since I believe it is the best decision. Man in the street also needs to know the situation and all the implications of my action and these I will critically explain to that man in the street. During television interview I will explain the scenarios and how to go about it. Suppose the man in the case study was my brother, the decision will be different since Baker Act allows the families to provide emergency detention with people with mental illness (UFHealth 2016). If the nurse assaulted was my sister or brother I would not admitting him to the facility politely. 7. How would you respond if you were in this situation? Explain and support your stance. I would first asses the patient to get enough evidence that the patient is mentally ill and determine the possibility of admitting or not admitting based on the information I obtain. I would dismiss the patient in a polite way to avoid any aggressive behaviour leading to assault. According to Bret et al 2013, it is worth not admitting the patient because he is dangerous to both staffs and facility. It is equally expensive to admit the patient since there are inadequate medical staffs to care for him in case of psychotic behaviors. Reference American college of emergency physicians (ACEM) (2008), Psychiatric and substance abuse survey. Iriving, TX. ACEP Ltd. Baker Act Reporting Center Bret, S. et al (2013), Repairing Mental Health System: News and Perspective. Mesdscape Psychiatry News: WebMD, LLC. Pande, N et al (2010), Boarding of Psychiatric Patients. Health Affairs Journal: 29(8): 16-17. PubMed. UFHealth (2016), Baker Act. University of Florida: Florida, US. University of Florida Health Science Center. Wolf, A. (2008), Psychiatric Crisis Unit. Journal of emergency nursing: 34(2): 45-49 Zeller, S., Calma, N. and Ashley, S. (2014) Boarding of Psychiatric Patients. West Emergency Med Journal: 15(1). Assessable at: https//www.ncbi.gov/pmc

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example

Rhetorical Analysis Paper Cole Richardson Professor Bedwell English 1321 10 11 October 2011 Rhetorical Analysis Essay 2 We Do Abortions Here: A Nurse’s Story, written by Sallie Tisdale, was first published in 1990 by October’s edition of Harper’s Magazine. Tisdale was motivated to write this article because she is an American nurse and essayist. She is a writer on health and medical issues and anything in between. The purpose of this article is to inform the readers on how often abortion is called upon, along with the thoughts of these young women and children having them done. I would say the audience of this article is a well-educated, middle class people, because some of the vocabulary can be a little difficult at times. We Do Abortions Here: A Nurse’s Story, by Sallie Tisdale, makes both an effective, and ineffective argument. Tisdale makes her article effective because she uses impelling illustrations to explain how rapid abortions are done, but she also explains in great detail how painful the process is and what it is like. Although she uses great illustrations her argument is ineffective because her writing and thoughts are unclear, therefore making the way she thinks confusing. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But the main reason Tisdale’s article is ineffective is because she is writing against abortion, yet works as a nurse who helps physicians do abortions, it does not make sense to me. Tisdale feels that abortion is wrong, happens too periodically, and is taken advantage of. She works in a hospital as a nurse that helps physicians during the procedure. Her work consists of completing sound wave tests, also known as ultrasounds, and she helps to sooth patients’ state of mind. In her field of work her and her co-workers are all seen as impure because it is known as dirty work to some. Tisdale sees many abortions done daily, along with numerous done weekly, numbers over the hundreds. From all different types of women, some in their teens with multiple years to come, others in their twenties or thirties having their first abortion, some having their fourth or fifth. But each person she sees is there for the same reason as the rest. They all made a choice to have unprotected sex or in some cases unfortunately some were forced beyond will, and now they cannot handle the consequences. This is what Tisdale sees every day and although she tries her hardest not to let her emotions cry out for what is wrong, it is her job. Tisdale states, â€Å"abortion is so routine that one expects it to be like a manicure: quick, cheap, and painless† (750). This quote is effective to the story because it is compares abortion to a manicure, which are of no relation, but for Tisdale this quote can open the eyes of the reader’s and show them how much abortion is taken advantage of. Manicures and pedicures are done every day all over the world, and comparing abortions to manicures can help the reader understand how many abortions are done not only daily but also just in general. In fact, abortions are repeated on a daily basis, without knowing the exact number Tisdale states, â€Å"we do over a hundred abortions a week† (750). Assuming that they are closed on the weekends, that is anywhere from twenty to possibly even thirty a day. If you sit back and think about it, twenty to thirty are done per day, and one hundred to one hundred-fifty are done per week, and we do know that there are fifty two weeks in a year. So do the math, if there are approximately one hundred to one hundred-fifty abortions per week with fifty two weeks in a year that is anywhere from 5,200 to 7,800 dying babies a year, but again we do not know for sure. Either way they are humans, living being created by God, and it is sickening to think about how many of them are being murdered. Tisdale’s details about the actual aborting process are very vivid and detailed about how horrific, painful, and sickening the procedure is. Abortions can be done to all types of women from children, to teens, even to moms in their thirties who are anywhere from one month pregnant to six months pregnant, but after that it is too late to have an abortion and of course the longer you wait, the more painful it is for the women. For instance a woman who is a month in a half pregnant would just sit back and let â€Å"The doctor [reach] in her, opening the narrow tunnel to the uterus with a succession of slim, smooth bars of steel. He inserts a plastic tube and hooks it to a hose on the machine†¦.. [as] The machine rumbles low and loud in the small windowless room; the doctor moves the tubes back and forth with an efficient rhythm, and the long tail fills with blood that spurts and stumbles along into a jar† (748). This quote is effective to the story because it gives great detail of how painful the process is. Now for someone who is farther along in their pregnancy it is a little more brutal and the pain is more intense because the doctor â€Å"quickly grabs and crushes he fetus in several places, while the room is filled with a low clatter and snap of the forceps, the click of the tanaculum, and a pulling, sucking sound† (753). The effectiveness of this quote compares a five month pregnant uterus to one of which that is still in the first trimester of pregnancy, and allows you to see that the longer you wait the more painful the procedure is going to be. Although her writing was effective, i t was also ineffective at the same time because her writing is confusing and unclear. Her writing is unclear because her story is not structured well and needs to be structured a lot better; it jumps from subject to subject and then back to another subject leaving spaces in between, making it hard to understand at times. For instance, in one paragraph Tisdale talks about the process of abortion, then in another she talks about all the different types of women and teenage girls who have abortions done, and then on the next page in a different paragraph she comes back to talking about the process of abortion again. I mean she could have talked about the whole abortion process in one paragraph rather than split it up into different paragraphs with other paragraphs in between that have nothing to do with what she is talking about. Another reason her article is ineffective is because she arguing against abortion, but she works as a nurse who helps physicians during the abortion process. Tisdale claims, â€Å"In describing this work, I find it difficult to explain how much I enjoy it†¦.. It is a sweet brutality we practice here, a stark and loving dispassion† (748). The effectiveness this quote adds to the ineffectiveness of this paper is quite important. I mean she is arguing against abortion and then turning around and helping doctors with abortion procedures, she is completely arguing against her claim. Technically, she is not actually the one doing the abortion or the one having the abortion done, but she still helps with it, which is as bad as doing it. I mean, how can you sit here and argue against something like abortion about how wrong and bad it is, and then turn around and work for a company that takes part in abortion. For instance, take the Germans, they were not technically the ones who killed all the Jewish people during the holocaust, but it was Hitler that was in charge over everyone and he was actually the one doing the killing and burning because he had the power. So in saying that, the Germans, like Tisdale were guilty by association because even though neither she nor the soldiers were actually doing the killing, they both knew it was going on and chose not to do anything about. In her article, Tisdale argues that abortion is wrong and that â€Å"abortion is the narrowest edge between kindness and cruelty (753),† but if you think about what she is arguing it is not effective because she is against abortion but works for abortion. So in saying that, she is a cruel person that is willing to work for abortion because if she were really a kind person and were actually against abortion she would not work for a doctor’s office that does abortion or anything that has to do with it and enjoy it. She would work in another nursing field doing other things such as taking a patients temperature or getting their height and weight. Tisdale is a great writer from what I can tell, but for this paper, I would have to say it was just not her best. It was an ineffective argument and although her claim was good, she just could not support it because it is hard to support an argument when what you are arguing against is what you do for a living. Word Count 1,556 Works Cited Tisdale, Sallie. â€Å"We Do Abortions Here: A Nurse’s Story. † The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. 12th Edition. Ed. Linda H. Peterson and John C. Brereton. New York: Norton, 2008. 747-753. Print. rhetorical analysis Essay Example rhetorical analysis Essay Raising an Obedient Child Dont Spare the rod and spoil the child. We have all heard that before, as a child I heard it a lot. I was not the most well behaved child, so I got into plenty of trouble. My mom hated my temper tantrums. When I was little, she disciplined me, and now I am a well behaved young adult who knows right from wrong. Discipline is a way of teaching a child how to do what is right while growing up. There are multiple ways to discipline a child and make him/her behave. I feel that it is very important to begin to isciplining children when they are young so they know what is expected of them. it gives them a better sense of right and wrong while growing up once a child has reached his/her teenage years it is too late to begin the discipline process. If parents begin early, I believe that the most effective ways of disciplining children are timeout, taking away privileges, talking to the child, and, as a last resort, and spanking. Putting a child in timeout is effective if the parent is consistent with doing so. In the article Should You Give Your Child Timeouts, Phelan and Lynn state, when well xecuted, timeout will help teach the rule, and gives kids a break away from the inappropriate behavior and its triggers. I have witnessed consistent use of timeout with my nieces. With one, it takes several times for her to fgure out what she is doing wrong and that she is not supposed to continue doing so. My other niece learns after the first time out. Consistency is the key to a successful discipline method and discipline is the key to a successful child. If timeouts do not seem to be beneficial, other methods may be enforced. Privileges for a child are something that he/she earns when he/she behaves. If that is the case, why not take privileges away when the child behaves badly? I feel it teaches the same lesson that timeouts do, but it is a little more intense. As a child, when I got a new toy it was because I was being good and mom was proud, but if I began to act ugly or throw another one of my many tantrums, she would take my toy away. To make this method work my mom did not Just take any toy; she took my favorite toy, which made me behave so I could get it back. We will write a custom essay sample on rhetorical analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on rhetorical analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on rhetorical analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Once I realized that throwing tantrums made my mom take my favorite toy, I got the concept of good behavior. I admit it is a work in progress because some children do not get it the first time but it does get easier and better. Talking to a child is important as well as discipline. When a child misbehaves, sitting her down and talking to her is also another good method of teaching discipline. It is not like taking privileges or using timeout, but it can definitely work on children. In the article Talk it Out Works Better than Timeout, Mari-Jane Williams explains that youre missing an opportunity to sit down and say to your kids, how well did that work for you? She also mentions self-assessment and how it is more important to a childs mental and emotional health. In my opinion, as the aunt of three nephews and four nieces, talking to the misbehaving child can work and be a positive experience for both the parent and the child. It gives the parent a chance to tell the chil d that his actions are unacceptable and that he can no longer continue to behave in that manner. In my own experience, it is harder to use the alking method with my nephews, but a lot easier with my nieces. I feel it may be harder for a parent to talk to boys because they tend to be more stubborn than girls. Although boys react differently, parents should still talk to them as they talk to girls. Physical punishment, I feel, is Just as effective as any other discipline method. Spanking a child is more of a last resort when he/she is misbehaving. As I stated earlier in the essay, I threw temper tantrums when I did not get what I wanted and my mother took away privileges. That method was not always effective with me, and I nded up getting multiple spankings. In the article The Real Spanking Debate John Hoffman says that mfou could show me an impeccable study that proves beyond a shadow of doubt that a good and proper mild spanking doesnt harm kids. I completely agree with this statement because I experienced plenty of spankings and I am perfectly fine and well behaved with no discipline or anger problems. In conclusion, disciplining your child is very effective but, it depends on how consistent parents are with doing so. Timeouts, taking away privileges, talking, and pankings are all ways that I feel are effective ways of turning a disobedient child into a well behaved child who follows the rules. All of my experiences with disciplining and being disciplined have been effective, if not with all the methods, at least with one of them. When I become a parent I will use these same methods for my children. Hopefully as a mom I will not go through what my mom went through with me, maybe it will be easier. Work Cited Williams, Mari Jane. Talk-lt-out Works better than timeout. Washington Post 3 Oct. 2013. Opposing viewpoints in context. Web. 13 Nov. 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Rhetorical Analysis Essay Dana Trimmer Rhetorical Analysis In Michael T. Klare’s â€Å"The Coming Era of Energy Disasters,† he seems to focus on the major risks off shore drilling the causes and the effect on the environment. The overall argument conveys that unless the oil industry and the consumer take an alternative route to dangerous oil drilling â€Å"more such calamities are destined to occur† (Klare 1). Klare is very vocal in criticizing of the BP executives concerning the Deepwater Horizon disaster. He proceeds to state the fact the chief executives of BP chose to call the accident and oversight â€Å"a fallacious, if not outright lie† (Klare 1). Klare’s article offers four scenarios that point to the escalating chances of major disasters if oil companies continue to pursue deep sea drilling. Klare contends that to continue to use the energy sources at the rate we currently use it will â€Å"guarantee the equivalent of two, three, four or more Gulf oil-spill-style disasters in our energy future† (Klare 1). In reference to Michael T. Klare’s background, he is a (PAWSS) Professor and affiliated with the Peace and World Security Studies and the School of Critical Social Inquiry. In addition, Klare is also the author of numerous books, and example, â€Å"Blood and Oil† (2004). Klare has written a number of articles in magazines such as Arms Control Today, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Current History, Foreign Affairs, Harper’s, The Nation, Scientific American and Technology Review (get Abstract). We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most of the books and articles Klare has written in some way relate to the state of world affairs with most of them concerning the negative state of world affairs. Given Klare’s lifework and field of study, this creates creditability and a perfect environment with critical knowledge for the core reading Klare has chose to write about. Klare Trimmer 2 continues to argue that â€Å"drilling in unsafe areas and not pursuing alternative energy sources for the future, more such catastrophes’ are coming no matter how much the technology has advanced† (Klare 1). Setting the stage for his scenarios, Klare begins with the question â€Å"What will the next Deepwater Horizon disaster look like† (Klare 2)? Klare attempts to engage not only the public, those that have been somewhat exposed to the media, but the corporate and collegiate community as well. Klare having his articles posted on very liberal and technical news websites, such as Technology Review and The Nation, tend to reach more of an audience with higher levels of education and technical knowledge than the public in general. Klare’s writing style uses a sense of urgency, his strong use of words some even underlined to stress his point creates a sense of conviction for the topic he chose. Klare uses scenarios (real and fictional) to persuade his readers to believe there will be future energy disasters. He uses history to build his case on some of the scenarios he imposes on his readers. An example of this is in scenario number one. Klare describes the Hibernia platform off of Newfoundland. He goes to the extent of stating the cost, what the platform is made of and how many crewmembers are aboard the Hibernia. Klare chose to mention that the Hibernia platform owners insist the platform is capable to â€Å"withstand a blow from even the largest iceberg† (Klare 2). Klare seems to ignore or chooses not to explore the possibility that advanced technology and new regulations would make the Hibernia platform safer. He chose instead to discredit the owners and the extra safeguards used, Klare purposed to create a vision of impending doom or an oil catastrophe. Klare is trying to accomplish an awareness of supposed Trimmer 3 hortfalls in the oil industry that will ultimately lead to â€Å"future nightmares† (Klare 7). Klare transitions between real history and fictional, which makes the reading hard to believe it is creditable. An example of this is in scenario one. Klare writes first of the Hibernia owners then quickly moves into an imaginary scenario of â€Å"global warning advances and Green- land glaciers melting sending massive chunks of ice floating into the North Atlantic on a path past Hibernia† (Klare 2). While this is very plausible it has not appened to the Hibernia at the present time. Klare’s persuasive appeal tends to lean more on the readers emotions. His scenarios tend to try to spark anger by the reader. Klare uses scenario number two to raise the awareness that Nigerians are already impoverished and are being used by the government unfairly. Klare in one hand has his audience feeling poorly for the Nigerian workers and in the other suggests, do to â€Å"the pipeline vandalism, kidnappings and militant takeovers of oil facilities† (Klare 3) that America has reason to aid the military. Klare has his audience upset and emotionally unsure that simulates his imaginary scenario. Klare escalates the insurgence of the Niger Delta region, placing the Nigerian oil output down to a third of its capacity† (Klare 3). Klare angers his readers by having them believe they will be â€Å"paying $5 per gallon of gasoline in the United States and convincing them the economy is headed for another deep recession† (Klare 3). This is Klare’s strategy for all of his scenarios. It is interesting that throughout the article Klare is very anti-oil drilling and uses very harsh examples and words, but finishes his article on a softer note with a disclaimer. Klare reminds his intended audience that â€Å"while none of these specific calamities are guaranteed to happen something like them surely will † (Klare 7). He goes on to remind his readers to â€Å"take action to not depend on fossil fuel and speed up transition to a post carbon world† (Klare 7). After a short softer note, Klare reminds his audience to beware Trimmer 4 in addition, watch out for more calamities to come. After all, of the effort Klare used to expose the wrongs of the major oil companies, it would have been appropriate for Klare to offer some suggestions of alternative energy sources. Works Cited get Abstract compressed knowledge, n. d. Web. 07 Oct. 2011. http://getabstract. com/en/summary/economics-and-politics/rising-powers-shrinking-planet/10141/ Klare, Michael T. â€Å"The Coming Era of Energy Disasters†. The

To Be Or Not To Be... A Knight Essays - Cephalophores, Free Essays

To Be Or Not To Be... A Knight Essays - Cephalophores, Free Essays To Be Or Not To Be... A Knight To Be or Not To Be. A knight To be or not to be a Knight truly is the question presented through this story, which is a tale of Gawains trials and tribulations on his journey to the Green Chapel. First, before acknowledging Gawain as being or not being a knight, one must first know what a knight is. In reference to the Pentangle a knight or Gawain must be: first, he was faultless in his five senses, Nor found ever to fail in his five fingers, And all his fealty was fixed upon the five wounds That Christ got on the cross, as the creed tells; That all his force was founded on the five joys That the high Queen of heaven had in her child. The fifth of the five fives followed by the knight Were beneficence boundless and brotherly love And pure mind and manners, that none might impeach, And compassion most precious-these peerless five Were forged and made fast in him, foremost of men. (Ll. 640-655) This excerpt from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight demonstrates on what a knight should be when looked upon from the Pentangle mode of being a knight. What pertain to the Natural/Real Realm would be the five senses and five fingers. The five senses part is used to gain knowledge of the world and worldly wage. The five fingers are the deeds that are done. What pertain to the Religious, Spiritual, Christian Realm would be the faith in the five wounds of Christ would be Fealty and Force. Fealty is the faithfulness in the five wounds of Christ. Force or the force in battle is inspired by the five joys of Mary. What pertain to the Chivalric Realm are Beneficence, Brotherly Love & Truth, Pure Mind, Manners, and Pite. Beneficence pertains to the generosity that the knight bestows. Brotherly Love & Truth pertains to the fellowship and truth in which the knight bestows. Pure Mind pertains to the chastity that the knight shows through his encounters with women and their temptations. Manners per tains to the courtesy that the knight shows to the people that he comes upon. Pite, or piety, pertains to the compassion that the knight shows when he encounters different situations. (GP) The narrator defines Gawain as being: in good works, as gold unalloyed, devoid of all villainy, with virtues adorned in sight. (Ll. 633-635) This basically states that he was a model of a good guy. He kept himself out of trouble, we know this by reason of the narrator stating that Gawain was the Devoid of all villainy. This statement says that Gawain is lacking in any sort of evil. It seems to be that the Green Knight symbolically represents a villainous being that crashes in on a party to play a medieval Russian Roulette. In doing so causes an upheaval among the Knights of the Round Table. The Green Knight storms in and asks someone to chop his head off. At this part of the story it seems quite questionable as to his reasons for doing so. Gawain responds to the beheading game challenge in a humble, yet heroic sense. After the Green Knight barges into King Arthur's court and criticizes the Knights of the Round Table saying, Where is now your arrogance and your awesome deeds for all cower and quake(l. 87, 91) The Green Knight is now saying that the Knights of the Round Table are cowards. He is calling them out. The only one to accept the challenge is Arthur strictly to show that he is not a coward. Just as Arthur is about to decapitate the Green Knight Gawain speaks up and says, I beseech, before all here, that this melee may be mine. (l. 115-116) Here Gawain is speaking up and telling Arthur that if anyone will do this that it will be him. Gawain shows a great deal of courage in accepting this challenge for the reason that no one else, aside from Arthur, would except the challenge. Gawain finds hospitality and shelter at the castle of Bercilak, unbeknownst to Gawain, the Green Knight. Bercilak made an agreement that whatever I win in the woods I will give you at eve, and all you have earned you must

Oxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem

Oxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem In an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction, it is often confusing to identify which molecule is oxidized in the reaction and which molecule is reduced. This example problem shows how to correctly identify which atoms undergo oxidation or reduction and their corresponding redox agents. Problem For the reaction:2 AgCl(s) H2(g) → 2 H(aq) 2 Ag(s) 2 Cl-Identify the atoms that undergo oxidation or reduction and list the oxidizing and reducing agents. Solution The first step is to assign oxidation states to each atom in the reaction. AgCl:Ag has a 1 oxidation stateCl has a -1 oxidation stateH2 has an oxidation state of zeroH has a 1 oxidation stateAg has an oxidation state of zero.Cl- has a -1 oxidation state. The next step is to check what happened to each element in the reaction. Ag went from 1 in AgCl(s) to 0 in Ag(s). The silver atom gained an electron.H went from 0 in H2(g) to 1 in H(aq). The hydrogen atom lost an electron.Cl kept its oxidation state constant at -1 throughout the reaction. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons and reduction involves the gain of electrons.Silver gained an electron. This means the silver was reduced. Its oxidation state was reduced by one. To identify the reduction agent, we must identify the source of the electron. The electron was supplied by either the chlorine atom or the hydrogen gas. Chlorines oxidation state was unchanged throughout the reaction and hydrogen lost an electron. The electron came from the H2 gas, making it the reduction agent. Hydrogen lost an electron. This means the hydrogen gas was oxidized. Its oxidation state was increased by one.The oxidation agent is found by finding where the electron went in the reaction. Weve already seen how hydrogen gave an electron to silver, so the oxidation agent is the silver chloride. Answer For this reaction, hydrogen gas was oxidized with the oxidizing agent being silver chloride. Silver was reduced with the reducing agent being H2 gas.

Social movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social movements - Essay Example Marxism is defined by Wikipedia as the philosophical, social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a known proponent of a social revolution to achieve full transformation of the state from capitalism to socialism. Its aim is to achieve equal distribution of wealth to all members of the society. This is totally opposite to the theory of capitalism that is often the system observed in western countries. Here, the labor force is treated as the major factor in the production of wealth rather than capital which is held only by a few. Existentialism on the other hand is a philosophical movement that gives meaning to human's existence in this world and seeks to value one's existence. Here, the meaning of life is given paramount consideration over other aspects such as politics, economy and sciences. It is opposed to the western's ideology on rationalism. Its core idea is that reality is not the consciousness but "being in this world." The first three principles are somehow related to each other in the sense that nationalism is the moving force behind the pursuit to industrialization and Marxism. Thus, it is nationalism that justifies the continued attempts to fully industrialize the economy and to distribute the wealth of the nation.

Fashion and Consumer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion and Consumer Culture - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and Consumer Culture" concerns the consumerism and fashion. Factors include religion, beliefs, climate, gender, and economic and cultural situation, among others. Though fashion may change as dictated by society, clothes are more than just about warmth and protection. In fact, clothes have become a representation of particular cultures that create them. Clothes are considered consumer goods. But then again, more than being consumer goods, it defines the cultural class that wears them. It is one of those consumer goods that are being used as tools for social mobility as stated in the ‘Conspicuous Consumption’ theory by 19th Century economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen. In his book ‘The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions, he says that luxury goods are tools to display economic power, and that such display of discretionary economic power is a means of attaining or maintaining a particular social sta tus. Moreover, as an elaboration, these consumer goods have become tools to provoke envy from other people. Ultimately, consumer goods, and fashion is one of them, is a means of displaying a buyer’s superior socio-economic status. In the article ‘Consumption and the Consumer Society’, it says that the average United States resident consumes 275 lbs. of meat, uses 635 lbs. of paper and uses energy equivalent to 7.8 metrics tons of oil. Forty-five years ago consumption was about half of current statistics. In the U.S. there are 2 persons.

Critical evaluation - John Steinbeck-Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum-The Bourne Identity Essay Example for Free

Critical evaluation John Steinbeck-Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum-The Bourne Identity Essay Through the history of man; mathematicians, philosophers, teachers, and scientists have molded and shaped our world. These men and women, young and old, are responsible for the continually growing knowledge in todays youth. Upon studying the most influential educators, it was proven that writers and authors sustain every element of the society we live; love, passion, romance, adventure, drama, science fiction, and non-fiction. All of these categories exist for only one purpose, to entertain the minds who absorb the material. Entertaining authors make an exceptional story and none other than Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck accomplish this feat better. In order to further understand these authors thirst to provide edge-of-the-seat entertainment, their past and present must be explored. Although these authors lived in two diverse locations, their driving desire for knowledge appears the same. Ludlum and Steinbeck attended college after high school, majoring in English. After graduating from Salinas High School in 1919, Steinbeck attended Stanford University from 1920-1925. Two years after Steinbeck left to pursue his writing career in New York, Robert Ludlum was born on May 25, 1927. Ludlum was educated privately and at the Chesire Academy, Connecticut. After appearing is school theatricals, he acted in the comedy Junior Miss on Broadway at the age of sixteen. His degree includes: B.A., Wesleyan University, Middletown, 1951. Having never graduated from Stanford University, Steinbecks life for the most part was low profile even after the publishing of his first books, Cup of Gold (1929), The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unknown, which were all inadequately acknowledged by the literary world. Tortilla Flat (1935) was the noticeable turning point in Steinbecks literary career receiving the California Commonwealth Clubs Gold Medal for best novel. Steinbeck continued writing, and The Grapes of Wrath (1939) won him the Pulitzer Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded to John Steinbeck for Literature in 1962 for his realistic as well as imaginative writings, distinguished by a sympathetic humor and a keen social perception. 1 Twenty-nine Academy Award nominations and four Academy Awards were given for revision of John Steinbecks stories. Literature lost one of its most accomplished and distinguished writers on December 20, 1968, in New York City; John Steinbeck died at the age of 66. However, on a more positive note, New York City was also the place where literature bore Robert Ludlum. Ludlum can be described as a modern day author. He is a well-known author writing twenty-one novels and selling over 290 million books in thirty-two different languages. Ludlum started his literary career relatively late because he was working in 1. Mobel Lectures; literature 1901-4967 the theatre as an actor and producer. One of the primary reasons Ludlum is such a suspenseful writer is due to the fact that he was born in an age where movies grabbed the attention of the public eye. In the 1950s, Ludlum worked as a stage and television actor. After producing 300 stage productions for New York and regional theatre, Ludlum wrote his first novel, The Scarlatti Inheritance (1971). Few writers are able to grasp global attention using unbelievable plots that spin into engrossing tales. John Steinbeck and Robert Ludlum are comparable writers. These two authors are very accomplished and their novels reputations speak for themselves. John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlums The Bourne Identity are the focus of this evaluation. Their works signify literary techniques that contribute to theme. The central theme in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck: human fates are constantly controlled by outside forces. The techniques he uses for example: repetition and symbolism are extremely successful in getting across his very cynical views on this theme. Similar techniques are used in Robert Ludlums The Bourne Identity. Uniquely writing; many of Ludlums techniques are present in his writing, but the reader is too engrossed in the story to recognize them. However, Ludlum writes meticulously in his story plots. When evaluated, the reader can distinguish that repetition and symbolism are also used as literary techniques that contribute to theme. Steinbeck and Ludlum use the technique of repetition to effectively build up the climax of the tragedy. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie unintentionally killed his mouse when petting it. This situation repeats itself further in the novel when Slim gives Lennie a puppy. When playing with the animal, Lennie gave the puppy a disciplining thump for biting him and he killed it. An incident, such as this, will be the downfall of George and Lennie. Near the end of the novel, Lennie strokes Curleys wifes hair. He holds too tightly and she gets frightened. Lennie was in a panic. 2 Climaxing, he attempts to quiet her, Dont you go yellin, he said, and he shook her, and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck. 2 The repetition of unintentional death foreshadows a negative outcome for Lennie, his sealed fate. This action brought upon his own murder by George who shot him in the back of the head out of mercy for everything else that was weak and helpless. In this act of violence, George would not be considered a murderer, in fact, quite the opposite. George, instead, would be deemed a savor because he did Lennie a favor. 2. Steinbeck; 91 The Bourne Identity uses repetition in a similar fashion. The central character Jason Bourne faces memory loss, crippling him from discovering his true identity. His instincts and intelligence help guide him. The quote: You are not helpless. You will find your way. 3 is repeated on several occasions, which foreshadows success on Jasons behalf. Jasons rhetorical behavior when faced with stressful and difficult situations ends in same violent manner. Bourne grabbed the Frenchman in front of him now, his left arm around the mans throat, his right hand tearing at the mans left ear. 4 Without thinking, Jason reacts to the situation with poise and precision. Jasons rhetorical skills evoke his memory enough to enable him to think and act on his own to avoid death or capture. Whenever you observe a stress-and you have the time-do your damndest to project into it. Associate as freely as you can; let words and images fill your mind. In them you may find clues. 5 This quote is nearly repeated again, Whenever youre in a stress situation-and theres time, of course-do exactly as you would when you project yourself into one youre observing. Let your mind fall free, let whatever thoughts and images that surface come cleanly. Try not to exercise any mental discipline. Be a sponge; concentrate on everything and nothing. Specifics may come to you, certain repressed conduits electricity prodded into functioning. 6 except there is added tactics, which suggests that Jason is constantly learning. Through repetition Jason persistently advances his skills to obtain his past by varying his appearance, Change your hairyou change your face. 7 Soon after his skills advanced, Jason learned that his real name is David Webb who turns out as a young Far East scholar. Webb received a new identity from the Central intelligence (CIA) as Jason Bourne, a black ops agent. His primary objective was to kill Carlos, another far more advanced assassin, but was betrayed. As the plot twists, the CIA has given Jason quite a few hoops to jump through for his own survival. The climax builds to this particular moment in the novel, when Jason reverses the situation and uses the training the CIA gave him to kill the assassin Carlos. The climax appears to have truth because not only has Jason stopped being on the defensive side of this live or die game, but also his proficient skills have drawn him to his past profession to kill or be killed; fate. The interfering CIA has lost control of Bourne; however he is drawn back to his past line of work, which could result in death, so he ultimately loses. It could be said that Jason Bourne was born to be a professional assassin under anyones control. 3. Ludlum; 39, 43, 83 4. Ludlum; 64 5. Ludlum; 50 6. Ludlum; 82 7. Ludlum; 116, 161 Another technique that demonstrates John Steinbecks view of fate is the symbolism. Near the end of the novel, A watersnake glided smoothly up the pool, twisting its periscope head from side to side, and it swam the length of the pool and came to the legs of a motionless heron that stood in the shallows. A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out by the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically. 8 The heron, stationary and patient, symbolizes fate, while the watersnake, vulnerable and unaware, its victim. The watersnake would most likely symbolize George. Not only does the Heron symbolize fate, it also symbolizes Lennie the burden to their dream. Steinbeck illustrates his view on fate once more by word choice. Words like lanced, plucked, and waiting suggest that Steinbeck believes that fate strikes assertively and specifically. Similarly, Robert Ludlum uses symbolism to project the same idea. Symbolism appears not as evident as repetition; however, present nonetheless. The CIA seems to be the entity or government corporation that symbolizes fate. Every element in the novel can be drawn back to something that the CIA has caused. Ludlum and Steinbeck believe fate to be all the same. In Ludlums case, the CIAs intricate plans and organized operations parallel Steinbecks idea that fate acts in the same manner, assertively and specifically. Of Mice and Men and The Bourne Identity are literally written in identical fashions. Steinbeck and Ludlum use character driven dialogue to tell the story. The point-of-views transpose between first person (the main characters) and third person (the narrator). The first person prospective uniquely projects to the reader each of the character thoughts and actions. The first person prospective gives a clear understanding of what exactly will happen, without all of the excess narration. However, the narration does an excellent job in describing the setting among other elements, such as flow between events. The events or chapters are present in both novels. Ludlum uses three books within his novel along with thirty five chapters because The Bourne Identity is far longer than the six chapters Of Mice and Men. This technique is apparent for the sole purpose of changing locations in the story with ease; in The Bourne Identity Jason and his companion travel to different countries, and in Of Mice and Men the only change of location appears within the town and ranch. These two books were written very similarly. Both switched between first and third person depending on what the best way to tell the story was. By changing point of views, Ludlum and Steinbeck were able to develop their themes more thoroughly. The technique of changing perspectives allowed the reader to identify with the main characters, but at the same time, know vital information that would be needed to understand the story. 8. Steinbeck; 99 Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck are exceptional authors. There novels: The Bourne Identity and Of Mice and Men, respectively, have Robert Lattas praise. Woohoo, right? There are more positive, than negative, statements to be discussed. Particularly, Ludlums story is far more intriguing than Steinbecks. The plot and characters all are attention getters. The idea that a man with no memory has instincts that are above any normal man, and has answers to every question, except his name, is fascinating. The only downfall to Ludlums work appears to be the length of his novel, five hundred some odd pages, that turns out to be a lot of reading time. Steinbecks novel length; however, fits the taste well, only one hundred some pages. The olden story in Steinbecks novel, gets negative feedback because its entire plot stimulated nothing more than closing eye lids. Praising the literary device of repetition, this gave some indication that what was being read over again would prove useful in assembling a critical evaluation essay. The repetition also forces the information into your brain, meaning it holds significance. Moreover, the theme portrayed among these two novels had some relevance with our current lives, which also served another purpose to reading them Overall, the novels ended up balancing one another. A positive recommendation can be made for both these novels because something can be learned. WORKS CITED Lectures, Mobel. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962. [online] http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1962/press.html Ludlum, Robert. The Bourne Identity. New York: Richard Marek, 1975 Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Books, 1978

Essay --

Morality is the single most controversial and mind-boggling train of thought currently known to human-kind, and no particular individual more so exemplifies this conflict (or better summarizes my own personal beliefs) than Niccolà ² Machiavelli. Few writers in the whole of the human history have inspired the kind of personal hatred that Machiavelli has in the last 500 years, and few works have been as vilified, (or as popular) as The Prince. Machiavelli has been slandered and portrayed as a defender of tyrannical government, an atheistic promoter of immorality, and a manipulator whose interests were all self-serving. Today, the Oxford dictionary still characterizes "Machiavellian" as "of, like, or characterized by the political principles and methods of expediency, craftiness, and duplicity set forth in Machiavelli's book, The Prince; crafty, deceitful, and so on." Folk legend holds that "Old Nick," a slang term for the Devil, is derived from Machiavelli's first name, Niccolà ². Wi th that context kept in mind, isn’t morality founded on a specific set of core ideas? Isn’t it always defined by the acknowledgement of a central moral allegiance dominating all the others? From individualism to families, from tribalism to racism, from nationalism to religious fundamentalism or the allegiance to a totalitarian party what we see is the drawing of different â€Å"circles† centered on a basic, paramount moral norm. And Machiavelli is definitely not isolated in positing the interest of the nation as the foundation of his moral thinking. At the beginning of the 21st century we are still living within that same ideal nationalist realism. What could be more â€Å"Machiavellian† than the saying â€Å"My nation right or wrong†, which seems to be a still very popul... ...day? How can we maintain that, in an era when, from migrations to terrorism to the Tsunami to Chernobyl to aviary flu to AIDS, we are obliged to cope with challenges that are global, â€Å"group ethics† (be it tribal, religious or nationalistic) matches our reality, our needs, our stage of human development? We are definitely not on the eve of a global state, and yet we are no longer able to confine our economic, political, cultural but also moral scope within the limits of the borders of our national republic. There is no easy solution to our moral quandrums (another much discussed idea in the Discourses. Machiavelli’s daring, his awareness of unadorned reality, his honesty and anti-hypocrisy, his republican commitment can help us, if we are able to grasp the essence of his politics and his ethics, also in this very complex and problematic stage of human development.

Documentary films Essay

Documentary films have paved way to show the reality of life. More often than not, it provides awareness of the present situation that was not addressed accurately in films and television shows alike. Documentary, like other discourses of the real, retains a vestigial responsibility to describe and interpret the world of collective experience, a responsibility that is no small matter at all (Nichols, 1991 p. 10). In making a documentary film concerning the community life in a distant foreign country, several issues would need to be addressed. The first thing that we need to discuss is the culture of the people living in that place. It would be an important factor as it tells a lot about the people and the place itself. Its history would generally be included in determining how the culture came about. Social norms and practices should also thoroughly discuss to identify the difference and uniqueness of their society. Furthermore, the documentation should explore the different beliefs of the people and how it affects the way they live and how their society copes up with modernization. The main focus of the documentary is how the culture and beliefs would affect the health of the people in that certain area. It would thoroughly explore the different misconceptions and traditional health management that these people have. This is a critical issue to discuss because it may directly or indirectly affect their socio-economic progress and their lifestyle. If by chance, the documentary could discover the need to re-educate the people regarding their health beliefs and fallacy, then proper authority should be inform. This is to insure that people would have the opportunity and the appropriate resources to improve their knowledge as regards to their health condition. REFERENCES Nichols, B. (1991), Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary, Indiana University Press, p. 10

Living As If God Does Not Exist Essay

Since ancient times, alongside society’s development is the widespread proliferation of the religious consciousness of mankind. Although primitive small-scale societies had always been depicted as animists and polytheists, the concept of the High God is a common theme that has already been discovered. Studies of ancient societies have revealed in the belief of a Supreme Being, although this was also coupled with worship of lesser spiritual entities since the Supreme God seems distant and uninvolved in daily concerns of men. Compared with modern men, people of the ancient past were mainly agricultural communities. They are basically more aware of their natural surroundings and the different forces which affect his sustenance and survival. Many of these forces are beyond his control and understanding. Early man was therefore more inclined to acknowledge the existence of a Great Being who is responsible for the existence of the world and the one who is in complete control over all. Worship, whether to God or lesser spirits, has often been closely associated with receiving favour and positive results, or to ward off negative conditions like sickness. But current mode of attitudes and perspectives that pervade modern men has increasingly being held under the spell of beliefs that exclude God and the invisible world from the realm of reality and day to day living. Such an approach to life however, is not entirely exclusive in modern times. This was already present in the distant past where there were critics of religious beliefs — for instance among some of the ancient Greek philosophers and the Roman Lucretius; in India, where most see it as a rich place of religious practices, materialism has already flourished at the time of the Buddha and for many centuries afterward which basically rejected all belief in a transcendent world; and in China, rationalist Confucianism often involved a rejection of religious doctrine. But these protests against the existence of and reliance of a Supreme Being or of spirituality in general, are only sporadic and never gained majority allegiance during its time. But this is now greatly pronounced in the modern period than ever before, since the powerful restatements of atheism and agnosticism have found a wide success in acceptance and following. The rise of the scientific discoveries and inventions, as well as the increase of intellectuals has made it more ideal to reject the existence of God and other religious values. Man sees himself as the ultimate controller of his destiny, as he experiences more control of the things that affect him. As greater understanding of the world around him is achieved, man sees a greater lack of importance in relying on an unseen and somewhat ‘distant’ God. Modern man is also pressed with many concerns. The large masses of manual workers that were born of out of industrialization in the big cities of northern Europe have caused them to become largely alienated from the faith of their fathers. It is both the social and intellectual forces which have thus combined to promote a widespread practical atheism. There are mainly anti-religious ideologies of modern man which has come to influence modern day thinking. First, was the growth of liberal humanism that principally influenced the western world. This philosophy is rooted in the scepticism of the eighteenth century; it received a greater momentum from the religious controversies of the nineteenth century. Second, was the spread of German type of atheism which were popularized by the writings of Feuerbach, Marx, and Nietzsche. Nietzsche even pronounced the death of God in one of his writings. He announced the death of God, as man is ‘awakened’ to the ‘reality’ that God is only a creation of the human mind. Today’s society is very much influenced, although mostly indirectly, by the banner of humanism that fiercely denounces the existence of God and His requirements. Humanism passionately proclaims that the acknowledgement of God is a declaration of war against life, against nature, against the will to live; and that Christianity is the formula for every slander against this present world and guilty of proliferation of ‘lies’ of a world beyond or afterlife. Out of this, came the atheistic Communist ideologies, which for some time in the past, has pronouncedly divided the world. Then, there were also the philosophical movement known as Existentialism, which ironically had Christian origins through the work of Kierkegaard, has nurtured within it a newer type of atheism, popular since the Second World War. Such a deluge of assault on the Christian faith would seem overwhelming and puzzling to those who profess faith in it. God and Christianity seem to have often called down upon strong denunciations. But it is not entirely out of reason. There has been the spectacle of inter-denominational strife, the growing cynicism towards the authenticity of those who were key figures of the Christian faith as against their extravagant lifestyles, memory of persecutions, and the political conservatism of many Christians — all these must be taken into consideration. However, what could be considered a more major reason for rejection is because of the more common association of Christianity with Puritanism. There have, indeed, always been pronounced ascetic elements in the Christian experience, although they are considerably less than in most other of the world religions. It can be said though, that Puritanism and ascetism obviously have important place in certain kinds and phases of different religions. Puritanism demands the population at large to conform to it. Central to the Christian belief is the submission to the Supreme Being, and His instructions. The world, as symbolized by Nietzsche, continuous to express a strong reaction against such beliefs. God and his laws are often received as restrictive, since man’s experience show that he possess desires and instincts which often goes in conflict to what God approves, and must therefore contend with it for most of his time. For most men, this seems to constitute a kind of conspiracy to confine human self-expression and freedom. It is not surprising then, to see an abundance of decay in wide areas of society, since unwillingness to submit to God’s authority is more appealing in order to gratify the self. God is therefore seen as an enemy against the fulfilment of the desires and plans of the self. In addition to this, many simply suspect that those â€Å"kill-joy† Christians, do make those impositions on others condemning jollification and gaiety, as an unconscious repressions and anxieties which stems from Freudian influence. The rejection of the divine and supernatural is not just a mere intellectual scepticism about the truth of God and Christian beliefs; it has also been an emotional rebellion as well. Social factors have contributed. As we have seen, the dislocations caused by industrialism in many Western countries, have produced the alienation of much of the working masses from Christianity. In addition, social forces have brought a distrust of the older forms of authoritarianism. This was already demonstrated between the World Wars, the rejection of being ruled by a higher force. Moreover, this has been heightened after the war where many younger folks have opportunities of work and spending that often creates a sense of being relatively independent. This new found independence rewards man’s desire to be the sole controller of his own life. Such an attitude was already displayed since man’s creation. Self-rule, the rebellion against God’s authority has become the norm. With this development, the traditional forms of Christian teaching and preaching and the presentation of the ethical side of Christianity as something fixed and God-given have not had a widespread effectiveness. What is more popular in many folks of today’s generation is the adherence to anti-authoritarianism and which continuous to stimulate anti-Church feeling, even to the political level. Various advocacies that are being presented with much militancy and following today (i. e. same sex-marriage) run in complete opposition to God- declared laws. It is therefore not an unexpected condition that those who support such advocacies will reject God’s authority and existence. God’s ‘in-existence’ would mean that man can do whatever seems right in his own eyes. Truth and right is therefore relative. Also, aside from the agnostics and anti-religious atheism, are those within the so-called Christian societies, are a large number of people who simply do not attend church or religious ceremonies (Smart, pp. 558-573). They are not necessarily lacking in religious belief, but nevertheless they do not feel themselves called upon to belong to any religious organization. They are people who live in a large, gentle twilight zone between religiousness and agnosticism. They have inherited much of the humanist movement, but they do not share the intellectual presuppositions. They include many, therefore, who, when asked, profess belief in God — or more vaguely in a Power which controls the cosmos. But they are not convinced of actively participating in worship of such a Being as something essential of one’s existence. They are not inclined to pray, seek God, read the Bible, though they might possibly do so in times of stress or great danger. They are, for the most part, alienated from the fellowship with God and the fellow believers. They are aware of the differences of teachings in different denominations, and are thus mistrustful of dogma. They have no wish to deny God’s existence outwardly, but they do not desire to seek and know Him. They have reverence for a Creator; but they feel that God is distant and detached. They respect Christian moral values, but they reject Puritanism. They do not have much sense of sin, but they admire saintliness. They are worried by death, and they hope to live for a better afterlife. But the division between heaven and hell they do not feel. Such people far outnumber the committed atheists and the explicit agnostics. For many members of society today, science possess greater prestige derived from the practical benefits of technology and the awesome mumbo-jumbo surrounding the expert, has superseded that of religion. The current civilization can be depicted in such a state. Although the blatant atheists and agnostics have been relatively few, the influence of their thinking has been formidable. Despite the ‘advancement’ in knowledge, man has generally been ignorant of God and His ways. What is generally esteemed as ‘wise’, those who reject God, does not see the pointlessness of their argument. Creation itself speaks as a witness to His superiority and existence. What is evident in creation is the presupposition of a Creator. If the world and the universe came out of chaos, scientific discoveries show that everything in it has a purpose and held with much order, which could not basically flow in congruence with the ‘accident’ theory. Also, the amazing functions of the human body, also defy such a premise that man was created by chance. For man to reject his Creator and His authority is one of the most miserable and worse thing that has occurred to man. Man indeed is very much in need of redemption from the futility of his own way of thinking. Reference: Smart, Ninian. (1984). Contemporary Religious Experience. The Religious Experience of Mankind. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons

Superhighway or Road to Nowhere essays

Superhighway or Road to Nowhere essays What impact, if any, is the use of computers and other digital technologies having on the learning process of todays student? To what extent or degree are we as teachers responsible, or should be responsible, for the proper integration of technology into our classrooms? Research and inquiry into this realm have proposed both positive and negative aspects to computer versus traditional learning. There are, without question, cultural and educational benefits and dangers of technology and computer usage for students. As educators, we have a significant role to play in ensuring equal access to technology, and in realizing its full educational and creative potential. Public debate about the impact of new digital technologies have been marked by a kind of schizophrenia which often accompanies the advent of new cultural forms. On the one hand, these new forms are seen to have enormous positive potential, particularly for learning; on the other, they are frequently seen to be harmful to those who are regarded as particularly vulnerable. In both cases, it is children - or perhaps more accurately, the idea of childhood - which is the vehicle for many of these aspirations and concerns. This was certainly apparent in the early years of television. Amid current fears about the impact of television violence, it is interesting to recall that television was initially promoted to parents as an educational medium. Likewise, in the 1950s and 1960s, television and other new electronic technologies were widely seen to embody the future of education: they were described as teaching machines. Even here, however, hopes of a utopian future were often balanced against fears of loss and cultural decline. Television was seen both as a new way of bringing the family together, and as something which would undermine natural family interaction. The medium was extolled as a means of nurturing c...

Exigir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Exigir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The Spanish verb exigir means to demand or to require. It is a regular -ir verb, so it is conjugated like the verbs vivir and subir. In this article you can find exigir conjugations in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. When conjugating exigir, you must be careful with a spelling change that occurs whenever the g would be followed by an o or an a. The g in exigir makes a soft sound (like the English h sound), but in front of the vowels o, a or u it makes a hard g sound (like the English g in gate). Therefore, to maintain the soft g sound, the letter g changes to a j. For example, conjugations like exijo and exija use the letter j instead of g. Exigir Present Indicative In the present indicative tense, the spelling change g to j occurs only in the first person singular conjugation (yo). Yo exijo I demand Yo exijo respeto. Tà º exiges You demand Tà º exiges mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exige You/he/she demands Ella exige muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigimos We demand Nosotros exigimos libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigà ­s You demand Vosotros exigà ­s muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigen You/they demand Ellos exigen la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Preterite Indicative In the preterite tense there is no spelling change. The preterit is one of two past tenses in Spanish, and it is used to talk about completed actions in the past. Yo exigà ­ I demanded Yo exigà ­ respeto. Tà º exigiste You demanded Tà º exigiste mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigià ³ You/he/she demanded Ella exigià ³ muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigimos We demanded Nosotros exigimos libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigisteis You demanded Vosotros exigisteis muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigieron You/they demanded Ellos exigieron la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about habitual or ongoing actions in the past. It is conjugated using the stem exig- plus the imperfect ending for -er verbs (à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, à ­an). The imperfect can be translated as was demanding or used to demand. Yo exigà ­a I used to demand Yo exigà ­a respeto. Tà º exigà ­as You used to demand Tà º exigà ­as mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigà ­a You/he/she used to demand Ella exigà ­a muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigà ­amos We used to demand Nosotros exigà ­amos libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigà ­ais You used to demand Vosotros exigà ­ais muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigà ­an You/they used to demand Ellos exigà ­an la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Future Indicative The future tense is conjugated by using the infinitive form exigir, and adding the future tense endings (à ©, s, , emos, à ©is, n). Yo exigirà © I will demand Yo exigirà ©respeto. Tà º exigirs You will demand Tà º exigirs mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigir You/he/she will demand Ella exigir muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigiremos We will demand Nosotros exigiremoslibertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigirà ©is You will demand Vosotros exigirà ©is muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigirn You/they will demand Ellos exigirn la renuncia del presidente. Exigir PeriphrasticFuture Indicative To form the periphrastic future you need the present indicative conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive exigir. Yo voy a exigir I am going to demand Yo voya exigir respeto. Tà º vasa exigir You aregoing todemand Tà º vasa exigir mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa exigir You/he/she isgoing todemand Ella vaa exigir muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros vamosa exigir We aregoing todemand Nosotros vamosa exigir libertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros vaisa exigir You aregoing todemand Vosotros vaisa exigir muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana exigir You/they aregoing todemand Ellos vana exigir la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund or present participle in Spanish is formed with the ending -ando (for -ar verbs) or -iendo (for -er and -ir verbs). Present Progressive of Exigir est exigiendo Is demanding Ella est exigiendo muchas cosas de su novio. Exigir Past Participle The past participle for regular ir verbs is formed with the ending -ido. It can be used as an adjective or to form compound tenses such as the present perfect. Present Perfect of Exigir ha exigido Has demanded Ella ha exigido muchas cosas de su novio. Exigir Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities. In English it is usually expressed as would verb. Yo exigirà ­a I would demand Yo exigirà ­arespeto. Tà º exigirà ­as You would demand Tà º exigirà ­as mucho de tus hijos. Usted/à ©l/ella exigirà ­a You/he/she would demand Ella exigirà ­a muchas cosas de su novio. Nosotros exigirà ­amos We would demand Nosotros exigirà ­amoslibertad de expresià ³n. Vosotros exigirà ­ais You would demand Vosotros exigirà ­ais muchas horas de trabajo. Ustedes/ellos/ellas exigirà ­an You/they would demand Ellos exigirà ­an la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Present Subjunctive In the present subjunctive, the spelling change g to j occurs in all of the conjugations, since the endings of this verb tense contain the vowel a. Que yo exija That I demand Mam espera que yo exija respeto. Que tà º exijas That you demand El abuelo quiere que tà º exijas mucho de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella exija That you/he/she demand La amiga sugiere que ella exija muchas cosas de su novio. Que nosotros exijamos That we demand El periodista pide que nosotros exijamos libertad de expresià ³n. Que vosotros exijis That you demand El jefe sugiere que vosotros exijis muchas horas de trabajo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas exijan That you/they demand La gente espera que ellos exijan la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Imperfect Subjunctive To conjugate the imperfect subjunctive you need to start with the third person plural conjugation (ellos, ellas, ustedes), in the preterite tense (exigieron) remove the on, and then add the appropriate ending (a, as, a, amos, ais, an). There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. Option 1 Que yo exigiera That I demanded Mam esperaba que yo exigiera respeto. Que tà º exigieras That you demanded El abuelo querà ­a que tà º exigieras mucho de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella exigiera That you/he/she demanded La amiga sugerà ­a que ella exigiera muchas cosas de su novio. Que nosotros exigià ©ramos That we demanded El periodista pedà ­a que nosotros exigià ©ramos libertad de expresià ³n. Que vosotros exigierais That you demanded El jefe sugerà ­a que vosotros exigierais muchas horas de trabajo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas exigieran That you/they demanded La gente esperaba que ellos exigieran la renuncia del presidente. Option 2 Que yo exigiese That I demanded Mam esperaba que yo exigiese respeto. Que tà º exigieses That you demanded El abuelo querà ­a que tà º exigieses mucho de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella exigiese That you/he/she demanded La amiga sugerà ­a que ella exigiese muchas cosas de su novio. Que nosotros exigià ©semos That we demanded El periodista pedà ­a que nosotros exigià ©semos libertad de expresià ³n. Que vosotros exigieseis That you demanded El jefe sugerà ­a que vosotros exigieseis muchas horas de trabajo. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas exigiesen That you/they demanded La gente esperaba que ellos exigiesen la renuncia del presidente. Exigir Imperative The imperative mood is used to give direct orders or commands. In the tables below you can see both the positive and negative commands. Several of these conjugations have the spelling change g to j. Positive Commands Tà º exige Demand!  ¡Exige mucho de tus hijos! Usted exija Demand!  ¡Exija muchas cosas de su novio! Nosotros exijamos Let's demand!  ¡Exijamos libertad de expresià ³n! Vosotros exigid Demand!  ¡Exigid muchas horas de trabajo! Ustedes exijan Demand!  ¡Exijan la renuncia del presidente! Negative Commands Tà º no exijas Don't demand!  ¡No exijas mucho de tus hijos! Usted no exija Don't demand!  ¡No exija muchas cosas de su novio! Nosotros no exijamos Let's not demand!  ¡No exijamos libertad de expresià ³n! Vosotros no exijis Don't demand!  ¡No exijis muchas horas de trabajo! Ustedes no exijan Don't demand!  ¡No exijan la renuncia del presidente!

The advertisement's impact on the nutritional habits of adolescent Research Paper

The advertisement's impact on the nutritional habits of adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example This study focuses on adolescent girls within Saudi Arabia. This country was chosen because there have been few studies undertaken on advertising in this part of the world. It is likely that the effects that advertising has on adolescent girls will be significantly different in this part of the world than in Western country. Saudi Arabia is a Middle Eastern country that currently has a population of around 26.5 million people . There is a significant amount of segregation between the genders, and females mostly wear long black robes that cover their bodies . Because of this, it is likely that the influences that advertising has on the nutrition habits and behavior of adolescent girls is different in Saudi Arabia than it is in countries in the Western world. In particular, the aim of this research was to analyze the nutritional habits and behavior of adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia, and what effect advertising had on these habits. It was hypothesized that girls exposed to a high amou nt of advertising for unhealthy food would make poorer nutritional decisions than those who had less exposure to advertising. Review of the Literature Adolescence is a particularly important time in development, as decisions made and habits formed during this developmental period partially carry over to adulthood . For example, many adolescents, particularly females, do not eat breakfast in the morning due to a shortage of time or the desire to lose weight. This habit can carry through into their adult life, and females who had this habit when they were adolescents are likely to continue to feel that breakfast is not important. In addition, there is significant concern that the diet of adolescents is... This  «The advertisement’s impact on the nutritional habits of adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia » essay outlines and analyzes how the ad changed nutritional behavior of girls in this country. Advertising targeted at young females tends to focus on images of females who are thin, pretty and with good physiques. These images are often airbrushed, or the women themselves have achieved this physical form through eating poorly. Research indicates that advertising images of thin or beautiful women have negative effects on the body image of women viewing them. This can lead to dissatisfaction with their current body, and the modification of beliefs and behaviors associated with eating (Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008). An example of this is that most females in advertisements for products are thin. This can result in adolescent females feeling that they are inadequate, and beginning to reduce their food intake to attempt to reach this unrealistic goal. Consequently, young females often starve themselves. These habits can remain long into adulthood, and may cause significant physical damage. This effect is strongest in adolescence where individuals are most concerned about their appearance and how they are perceived by others. Additionally, adolescent females are subject to extreme levels of hormones, and this can elevate their responses (Shepherd & Dennison, 1996). Adolescent females use images of others to construct their perceptions about themselves (Thomsen, et al., 2004). Negative body image is associated with a wide range of negative nutritional habits.

Pirated Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pirated Software - Essay Example In fact, it is estimated that 36% of all the software currently used is stolen (Journal of Business 2004). Instead of benefiting consumers, pirated software adds to consumer burden because the profit loss from the sales of this software is being passed on also to them by manufacturers in terms of higher prices (Piracy 2007). Software piracy is defined by Microsoft as the "mislicensing, unauthorized reproduction and illegal distribution of software, whether for personal or business use" (Protect yourself from piracy 2007). It should be noted that once an individual purchase a software from the copyright holder, the package include an end user license agreement (EULA) which provides the software a protection against copyright infringement. It is understood that once a consumer open the software and install it in his/her computer, he will adhere to the EULA. In the common knowledge, pirated software is often understood as counterfeit software which is bought from an illegal seller which reproduced it. This practice is very common in Mexico and China where software is reproduced and packaged in CD cases featuring the original design from the copyright holder. In countries where copyright infringement is often overlooked, pirated software are sold openly in markets. However, pirated software goes beyond purchasing from an illegal seller who reproduced it for a profit.

Reflection on Practice - Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflection on Practice - Portfolio - Essay Example , titled "The Darkest Corners," details the grim conditions and human rights abuses faced by people who are committed to psychiatric care against their will, even if they do not pose a demonstrable threat of harm to themselves or to others. "[Such individuals] are denied the right to make decisions regarding their own fate, including admission, discharge, and treatment," CHRD said in an e-mailed statement. "Forced medical treatment, violence, and mistreatment occur frequently." It said psychiatric care facilities frequently restrict or prevent patients from communicating with the outside world, including their relatives and lawyers, and assume that patients relatives have the right to direct their treatment, even if the person is still quite capable of thinking for themselves. Under the Chinese mental health system, patients have no right to independent reviews upon admission or during their time in psychiatric hospitals, and the judicial system is unwilling to handle cases brought by former psychiatric patients. The report cited the case of Fujian website editor Cheng Tianfu, who was reportedly kidnapped by a group of psychiatric healthcare workers in a van in January, 2008, while on his way to the train station to catch a train to Beijing. "During his one-month detention in the hospital, Cheng was subjected to electric shocks and forcibly medicated," CHRD said. "Only when Cheng’s family consented to his discharge was he allowed to leave the hospital." Chinas rapid economic growth and deepening social inequalities are ramping up stress across the population, with urban white-collar workers, high-flyers, and young people all seeking psychological help in unprecedented numbers, mental health professionals say. Even the medically-based psychiatric profession was virtually nonexistent until well after the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) had ended, and psychologists were almost unheard of until about a decade ago. Meanwhile, Wang Wanxing, founder of the

The Shehri Language In Southern Oman English Language Essay

The Shehri Language In Southern Oman English Language Essay The UNESCO atlas of endangered languages has listed that Shehri Language is at risk of disappearing, based on Johnston (1982). The aim of this paper is to investigate at which level of endangerment the language is. This study has been conducted based on interviews with representatives from each part of the country, and distribution of a questionnaire to females and males Shehri speakers. Basically, the research has discovered that the Shehri language is a very rich language [linguistically] and need to be studied to discover all those issues as a part of the Omani culture diversity. Moreover, the results had shown that the Shehri language face a remarkable threatened starting from the next door culture, and ends with the educational philosophy. Support and encouragement need to be done by the government to support such studies to revive the language. The Shehri speakers are and still proud of their language and next generation should continue with those manners. Key words Language death, language revive, language revilaitaztion, language change, language and culture. Chapter One Introduction This dissertation is about the Shehri language in Dhofar. It aims to investigate the language form a sociolinguistics prospectives. As it is considered as severely endangers by the UNESCO we are going to investigate it by looking the language relationship with culture and surrounding variability. Although, the UNESCO records are clear and fact such a topic is changeable and it could be varied if the language is being recorded over a time and updated. In addition, since this language is not being studied before as endangered, we shall present the history of language and country to make the image clear, because it seems that the name of the language means a lot to the Shehri speakers, and there is a remarkable debate about it. Thus, it might draw the light on what are the reasons for the language death in Southern Oman. Moreover, a short survey on what have been discussed about the language in previous studies before the research body is introduced to address the following questions: Is the shehri language is going to extinct? If so, What are the reasons for this reduction in the number of speakers? What is the best solution to revive the language? After that, the analysis of data and findings will reveal what the study accomplished. Finally, this paper will discuss what might be done and how the revive the Shehri language. The language A Sheharat is a language that is spoken is south of Oman. It is known is the mother-tongue of the people who live in the mountain of Dhofar southern Oman. Moreover, since this language was and still the language of the people in the mountains of Dhofar , people from Salalah the capital of Dhofar call it Jabbali or Jabblat which comes from Jabbal in Arabic which means mountain. Moreover, Higgins (2010: 3) stated that the communist-backed tribal guerrillas controlled the whole of the Jebel Dhofar region (jebel [English spellings vary] is the Arabic word for mountain, hill, or slope). None-Shehri speakers describe the language of its speaker as Jabbalies or Gabbalies. When they say that this language is Jabbali it is due to translating the word Shehar (the origin name of the language which is mountain) into Arabic Jabbal, therefore, they call it Jabbali. According to Hetzron (1997:2) The Jabbali language received many names in the scientific literature, the most common of which being Ã…Â  xauri, Ehkili, Qarawi, Ã…Â  heri. In context, if any person is going to the mountain and he would name it he would say Im going to the mountain Im going to Shehar and in the city language Arabic it is going to be something like Im going to Jabbal. A Shehri (2000) has described his tribe to be the ancient tribe in the South the South Arabian Peninsula claiming that the language is named according to his tribal name, but this study revealed that the name Shehri coming from the name of the mountain in the language itself. In addition, Johnstone (1982) in his introduction was clarifying all those issues as a message from him for the important impact on the language. He stated that Tribal origins mean much less in modern Oman, and the large scale re-settlement has tended to blur these ancient distinctions. The name Jibbali, however, has the advantage that it avoids the mention of the term Shehri, with its tendency to stress old social differences between Dhofar tribes. In this view, This tells us that the different names that we have for the same language are common, because each person is describing it from his culture and language. But there is no doubt that the ancients speakers call it Shehrat or Shehri language. There are some people in Dhofar who do not believe that this is a language. According to them it is an accent or a dialect and the term language is something cannot be describing it. Their assumption comes from the idea that if the language is not written it is an accent, while if we look at the Shehri it is a language that contains it is own phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. At the same time it is not a part from any other language until now so they can call it an accent for X language. In fact, the Shehri have three different accents in Dhofar. This is due to the geographical variation in South of Oman. The most known part is the central part since it is closer to the city Salalah Johnstone (1981). Moreover Peterson (2004:256) and also Johnstone (1981) divided the mountains of Dhofar into three main areas; Jabal al-Qara overlooks Salalah at the centre, while the remote and largely inaccessible Jabal Samhan dominates the east, and the equally forbidding and barren Jabal Qamar commands the west. This might lead us the Shehri variant is based on those main inhabited places in Dhofar came from. The number of Shehri speakers is 5,000 according to Johnstone (1975, 94). This is taken during a war in Dhofar which force many people from the mountains to deported to Yemen as the closest country to Dhofar as looking for refuge from the war and a better place to lead their war since the government controlled the whole area in Dhofar. After that, in 1993 according to Omani national census the number of people who are living in the mountain is 25,000. At that time, the Shehri language was the first language in the mountains of Dhofar. On the other hand, Al Aghbari (2011) reported that the number of Shehri speakers are more than 147,000 people. Since the Omani Census are not counting the number of speakers of each language in the country; the number of Shehri speakers are not being officially known yet. AL-Shehri (2008) claim that the Shehri language consists of 33 letters with 6 extra phonemic sounds which leave the language with 39 phonemes. On the other hand, if we look at the letter and how they sound we might feel that they are similar to Arabic. Because it is not a written language [yet] people from other tribes and places in Dhofar tries to speak Shehri and at the same time they are using the same Arabic letters that they are used to. At this stage, the Shehri language starts to change and nowadays people hardly use the 6 extra sounds and replacing them with the normal Arabic phonemes. This doesnt mean that the Shehri language is a partial form Arabic. The vocabulary and language structures in Shehri are totally different, but the sounds might be the same since they are sharing the same area. The history of the country Dhofar was a very rich country in the trading market with other ancient nations. According to Zarins (1997:51) Dhofar province is the Atlantis of the Sand and speculated that it might have a trading center in southern of Oman. Moreover, he continues saying that Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Strabo, and other ancient authors, though not specifically mentioning Ubar, gave brief accounts of cities in southern Arabia that market resins of frankincense and myrrh trees. While it is certain that the people of the Dhofar area grew rich trading these commodities, it would appear that the city of Ubar was an Arabian Nights fantasy. Furthermore, Dharmananda, (2003) confirms that the Myrrh and frankincense trading market reached china before 973 A.D as a medicine and also, in Egypt for embalming the bodies of the Pharaohs. Besides, Dharmananda (2003) believed that Myrrh and frankincense, traded throughout the Middle East at least since 1500 B.C. Therefore, it might be seen now clearly that the his tory of the area south of Oman was famous and strong enough to contend the Egyptian and the Chains empires. Such a nation must have a language, power, economic and financial system to compete such nations,otherwise the south Arabian Peninsula is going to be a an Egyptian or Chinese colony. After those glory days in southern the Arabian Peninsula lots of changes happen to ancient people. In terms of the economy and their statues worldwide as well. Recently, before the 1970, Oman was ruled by Sultan Said Bin Taimor (1932-1970) in which many people do not have the right to be educated, receiving medical care or even travel from Oman without his direct permission. This was the Sultans policy that results in Rebellion in Dhofar from 1968-1975. Dhofar was the capital of the south and the modern part of it. The Sultan of Oman, Said bin Tamur, ruled like a feudal lord: No Omani was allowed to leave the country, or even his home village, without the Sultans explicit permission. He banned all symbols of the decadent twentieth century From medical drugs and spectacles to book and radios and he flogged his subjects for adopting Western dress Ladwig (2008:66). Moreover, Higgins (2010:3) stated there were no roads, no schools, no hospitals, and no development of water resources for home or agricultural use. This was the situation all over Oman but with some emphasizes on Dhofar as the special place for the Sultan Said bin Taimor. According to Ladwig (2008:66) Dhofar was the Sultans personal domain, where he resided in seclusion year round, despite the fact that the nations capital was 500 miles north of Muscat. Although he took a Dhofari wife, who was the mother of his son, the Sultan disliked and distrusted his Dhofari subjects, the Jebelis most of all. It is clearly seen that all those issues happened since Sultan Said Bin Taimor taken the rule of the country made the situation in Oman and especially in Dhofar difficult to be controlled. Therefore, the Rebellion movement started from Dhofar (1968) with the help of the Soviets and China. Until, 1970 when the Sultan Qaboos the Only son of Sultan Said bin Taimor take the rule of the country and start to fight the counterinsurgency in southern of Oman, and make the promises to rebuild the country again. My people, my brothers, yesterday it was complete darkness and with the help of God, tomorrow will be a new dawn in Muscat, Oman and its people (Sultan Qaboos first speech 1970). According to Gulvady (2009) The Sultan Qaboos government has focused on economic development. He first addressed infrastructure needs, such as building roads and highways, as well as education. He is now focusing on sustainable development, diversification, industrialization, and privatization. The schools were built with a great care; hospitals, Universities and colleges to ensure that each person in Oman get the chance to be learnt and to be educated. Certainly, according the Ministry of Education (2012) the number of schools rose from 3 schools in 1970 teaching the Holy Quran and Arabic language only, to 1053 schools by 2010 teaching modern subjects as Mathematics, Sciences, Arabic, English, History, and Religion. In addition, Universities and colleges were established all over Oman. The main University is the Sultan Qaboos University in Muscat. Also, the biggest cities in Oman were provided with an applied sciences college and a technical college as well. Therefore, the use of Arabic language gets greater; while the Shehri language got a few chances to be practiced without being taught. To conclude, the past of Oman was dark and full of blood from the Rebellion movement against Sultan Qabooss father Said bin Taimor. All those promises by the Sultan Qaboos has been achieved in 40 years is something difficult and almost impossible. Thank to God and the hands of the Omani generations who learnt and trained under the government of Oman this path was easier.Now Omani students can be found in the world famous Universities studying and learning to continuing what the Sultan Qaboos has begun. The new regime, though undoubtedly good for the people, did lead to the decline of the Shehri language. Therefore, it might be worth to reorganize the Educational Philosophy in Oman. Chapter Two Literature review: During the last decades lots of changes happened to Oman, precisely Dhofari people and their language. The changes appear in the vocabulary choice, pronunciation, structure, words are disappearing and not being used. Marshall (2004:1) claims that investigators have shown renewed interest in the loss of non-standard varieties and the process of standardization. This has given important insights into the types of geographical area, social network, and social group in which language changes originate and mechanism involves in the process of diffusion. In addition, McMahon (1994:8) assured that we should never lose sight of the fact that language are spoken by people for purposes of communication; consequently, speakers change languages, although that is not to say that they are necessarily conscious of doing so, or that they intend to make changes. Perhaps speakers of any language hold the responsibility toward the changes happened at their time, but also the political decisions made by the country could play a positive or negative role. Moreover, considering the fact that the Shehri language is not a written language this risk gets greater. McCabe (2011:262) explains that There is no clear reason why languages change as extensively as they do; there are several explanations which cover various aspects of change, in the case of sound change we have seen that ease of articulation has historically been a motivator. With respect to sound change, it is important to mention the impact that the written language has had on language change. Moreover, a tremendous change took place during the last 40 years in Oman , generally, and Dhofar region result in having a new generation which differs from the elderly people in the way of thinking, learning, speaking and everything. McCabe (2011:263) assured that often young people use language differently than their parents, in the same way that they dress differently and listen to different music, in order to create an identity which sets them apart from their parents generation. Taking into account that any changes might be referred back to it after a time if it is written, but if it was only a spoken language in the community this means that there is no source for the language except those young generations. Besides, Beard (2004) believes that studying a language change consists of two parts, internal and external approach. According to him an internal approach to studying language change looks at such areas as vocabulary, spelling, meaning of words, grammar and compares usag e in old text with stage found todayBut if we look at the external aspects of this text, viewing it more as a social document, it seems to belong to different age Bread (2004:4). The Shehri language has been discussed in some books, Journals, TV interviews, and dissertations. According many people in this study lots of this information was presented wrongly. Many of them might be a personal believe or just a way to relate this language to their own purposes. For example, Ali AL Shehri books where he claims that this language is related to them as a tribe was totally unacceptable for people from other tribes in Dhofar. According to Al Shehri (2000:42) the Shahara tribes have preserved the most ancient Arab language (the Shehri), the traditions, folklore, proverbs, names of ancient tribes, ancient God names and much other ancient Arab culture. This assumption made by Ali made other people argue with him as relating the language to his tribe. At the same time, as other tribes and the government did not agree with what Ali mention in his books; none of his books were published in Oman to ovoid sedition between the people in Dhofar. Then, in (2005) Mohammed Al Mashani studied the language comparing it to languages such as the Arabic, the Old Yemeni language (Saba), and the modern dialects in Yemen, claiming that the Shehri language is the language of Hamyer the old kingdom southern the Arab Peninsula. Mohammed also brings a new name for the language and named with The Modern Hamyer Dhofari Tongue. It is clearly seen that the name of the language became the main issue for scholars and the people in Dhofar. Other studies such as Hayward et. Al. (1988), Johnstone (1972) (1980a) (1980a) (1981), Al Hakli (2008), Al-Shahri (1994), Hayward, Al-TabÃ…Â «ki (1988), Hofstede (1998) Makhashen (2009) focused their studies on the origin of the language and its people, and the grammatical aspects of the language only. This will provide a foundation for any research in the future to be built and based on them, if they were true and still have the same findings which is a topic need to be investigated again. However, moving from the battle of the name of the Shehri language and taking the UNESCOs records about languages that are in danger of disappearing; the Shehri language might not transform fully from the elderly generation to the younger ones. According to the UNESCO atlas of the most endangered languages (table 1) this stage is severely endangered. In other words, it means that language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves UNESCO (2010). This leaves the language with only two stages from being extinct. Degree of endangerment Intergenerational Language Transmission Safe The language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted >> not included in the Atlas Vulnerable Vulnerable Most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., Home) Definitely endangered Definitely endangered Children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home Severely endangered Severely endangered The language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves Critically endangered Critically endangered The youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently Extinct Extinct There are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s Table Degree of endangerment Adapted from Atlas of the Worlds Languages in Danger. Moreover, Al Hakli (2008) made a mini-dictionary for Shehri language joining the Shehri words to their meaning in Arabic. But until now the number of speakers is still declining. Which means writing a dictionary was not the solution to revive the language at this stage. Therefore, the questions pointed out to look for the solution and to investigate why the number of the speakers is declined. According to Romine and Nettle (2000:7) language shift and death occur as a response to pressures of various types-social, cultural, economic, and even military-on a community. Furthermore, Harrison (2007: 8) stresses that language death typically begins with political or social discrimination against a language or its speakers. This may take the form of official state politics to suppress speech, or it may be benign neglect. Therefore, it might be the reason that there are other variables controlling the number of speakers of this language. Mufwene (2006:2) stated that language death starts when speakers consulted with each other and decided collectively to shift suddenly to another language. This leads us to the beginning and taking in our consideration that Dhofar region has been benediction with the revolutionary movement by the Sultan Qaboos and many schools, Hospitals, Airports were built in a short time. Therefore, the Arabic language takes place in their houses and daily life. The new generation was introduced to schools that delivers everything to them in Arabic. However, many families had migrated from the mountain to the city to look for a better way of living and a job that helps them to overcome the hardship of life in their villages. Peoples language might be affected by the surrounding environment. Also, the language that is nearby lots of variables that might influence it such as economy, geography, the power of the next door language are at more risk of being disappeared. Moreover, language shift and dea th can begin by start learning the next door language. For example: The Kwegu language in southwest Ethiopia is spoken by 500 people only Lydall (1982:22). In addition, according to the UNSECO world atlas the number of Kwegu speakers declines in 1998 to reach 103 speaker only. Furthermore, Dimmendaal (1989:17) mention some of the daily activities practiced by the Kwegu ancient as they exchange honey with the overlord groups in the same area so they will be able to liveKwegu speak both their own language and the language of the Musri and Bodi while the latter tend not to speak Kwegu. So, learning other groups language was the effect of such discrimination in the society, therefore, their first language [Kwegu] will have less chances to be used. On this view, the Shehri speakers are shifting from their language to Arabic and this is due to many facts already mentioned above. When the next generation does not believe in their language and start to shift toward a new language which is stronger than their language, obviously, no one will speak with it and it is only a matter of years until the Shehri speakers reduction end with it is extinct. Dimmendaal (1989:18) points out that it is only when they start interacting with neighbouring groups whose cultures are viewed as more prestigious that their own language became particularly threatened The Weyto probably gave up their earlier language this way. Darmon (2010:2) argued that the Weyto Because the Weyto people do not own lands, they are living in extremely precarious conditions. They build their huts wherever the government allows them to, knowing that they can be asked to move at any time Without professing to be Muslim, they are usually not recognized as true Muslims by oth ers, maybe because some of them keep on believing in spirits associated with paganism. Therefore, Darmon thinks that such feelings towards your own language might lead you to give up using it and shift it to a stronger language in the society. Eventually, this language shift will result in language death within years. The language death is when a language disappears and becomes extinct. In other words, when people stop using their language or forced to do so. There are types for language death cited by Tsitsipis (1989:182) first, sudden death: the language disappears because almost all of its speakers die or killed (example: Tasmanian). Secondly, Radical Death when language loses is rapid and usually due to severe political repression, often with genocide, to the extent that speakers stop speaking the language out of self defense, a survival strategy for example: Languages of El Salvador. Then, Gradual Death which is due to a gradual shift to the dominant language in language-contact situations. Finally, the Bottom-to-top Death, where that language is lost in small steps first like homes and families and then moved when the government stop using it, it is the opposite on the Top-Bottom language death. Regardless to the reason for the language shift it is clearly seen that it is only a matter of ti me until language shift become language extinction. To conclude, it might be more beneficial for reviving endangered languages that writers and scholars studying the Shehri language should keep their focus first at the language itself rather than fighting against each other in bringing a new name each time. Since the Shehri language is not documented yet, it only exists in the peoples mind, therefore, we are losing a huge amount of the language and country heritage and culture each time a person dies. As what Harrison describes when we lose a language, we lose a culture, intellectual wealth, a work of art Harrison (2007:7). Chapter Three Methodology This part of the paper presents the methodology and how it had been designed to accomplish the aims and goals. First, this section will clarify the problem clearly. Then, the types of data, participants, questionnaires and interviews are going to be discussed separately. The problem Since the Shehri language is being listed officially by the UNESCO as [severely endangered] this research will be conducted to investigate if the Shehri language speakers are really under the risk of abandoning speaking their own language are not. Firstly, by looking at the number of speakers of the language and to see how it varies from the past. Then, through looking at the changes that happened to the language. According to Professor Miyaoka the director of The Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Project Particularly in case of moribund and isolated languages with speakers rapidly diminishing in number, of which there are quite a few in the Pacific Rim, we are obliged to emphasize documentation with good and minute analyses which could be achieved only with the help of speakers having deep linguistic insights. The Shehri is a language that is not written yet or documented officially. Therefore, when each person of the Shehri speakers dies an amount of the language goes with him. Similarly, the Arabic language was not written until people start to write it after the death of Prophet Mohammed in order to preserve the holy Quran from being changed and distorts. Before this stage the Arabic language was only exist in their minds and transformed from a generation to another by communication with each other. In the Shehri context, the Shehri language is not written, not fully transformed from a generation to another, people start to avoid using it and preferred to use English or Arabic to show how they are educated. Nettle and Romaine (2000:5) insist that language might be regarded as an activity, system of communication between human beings. A language is not a self-sustaining entity. It can only exist where there is a community to speak and transmit it. In addition, immigration from the mountain to the city provides a space for the two cultures to merge. Thus, some of the young speakers of the language are not able to speak or even understand it. This will result in having a new generation of Shehri speakers that are not able to speak their language. Nettle and Romaine (2000:4) assured that languages not passed on to the younger generation will eventually die out. Since the Shehri newer generation are not able to speak the language, therefore, the language is not going to transmit and will extinct. Types of data The Data collection part was separated into two main parts; the first part was to update the information about the language. Moreover, to explore and discover why this language is not being studied yet. Also, the main part of this section was to see if such a kind of researches is going to be accepted by the Shehri speakers and tribe leader or not. Since, there has been an assumption that the reduction of speakers outstanding for not having a written form of the language; this assumption is being abandoned with the Halkis basic dictionary were a space is being provided for the Arabic speakers in Dhofar and Oman to learn some vocabulary and sentence in Shehri. Therefore, this result leads us to wonder about this continues reduction in the Sheahri speakers. Through meetings with scholars such as Dr. Ali AL Shehri and Khalid AL Maashani, both are Sahehari native speakers, they ensure that the abstention of the new generation is clearly seen these days in their daily life conversation and usage. This leads us to the second assumption of this study. Second part, was the main data collection in which the aim was: First, to see the what extend the Shehri speakers use their language?. Then, do they find any difficulty in understanding old peoples language? Finally, are they aware that their language is at risk of extinction? At the same time to see what they might recommend for their language. To make the aim of this paper more achievable the questions were made easier to the Shehries to answer by shortening the questions and translate them into Arabic. As what Harrison discovers in dealing with endangered languages in Australia Charlie was not a talkative man, and most of our questions got monosyllabic answers: yeah or no. But once he got to talking, Charlie also shared stories of this place -learned from his father- of the Turkey Dreaming and of the Rainbow Serpent (Harrison: 2010:98). Therefore, involving their language could provide a better communication environment in this research. Since they are not used to such studies which was one of the obstacles of gathering the information from them. Moreover, such a research must consider respecting the traditional rules in the Dhofar were females are not allowed to have a face to face conversation with strangers. Therefore, some volunteers from various tribes in Dhofar helped by giving the permission to distribute the questionnaire among their families as a part of their wish to revive the language. This issue but this research at risk of having unreliable data. So, the research methodology needs to look for a strategy to make the data more valid and reliable. This research conducted using both methods of data quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative data are represented in the questionnaire answers and responds, while the qualitative data is taken from interviewing the participant and the answers from the open-ended questionnaire answers in this study. Such kind of data collection has been described by (Jick 1979) in which he looks at using two or more methods of data collection can be called triangulation. According to Jick (1979:1) It is largely a vehicle for cross validation when two or more distinct methods are found to be congruent and yield comparable data. In other words, using such methods might be the reason to accomplish the validity of the research. In addition, the research will get the chance to look at each part of his study from more than one point. In addition, Olsen (2004) assured that triangulation is defined as the mixing of data or methods so that diverse viewpoints or standpoints cast light upon a topic. Considering the advantages and it is drawbacks combining the two methods might help the researcher as to make his own conclusions about a topic especially if we are talking about sociological issues. In addition, Spicer (2012:484) stated that it is an approach to combining two or more quantitative and/or qualitative methods in addressing a research question in order to cross-check results for consistency and to offset any bias of single research method. In this context, this research tries to use the triangulation method so it could reach the best, real, and representative data by using both quantitative qualitative data and making use of previous studies about the Shehri l