Renaissance vs Baroque free essay sample

Renaissance researchers utilized theâ humanistâ method in study, and looked for authenticity and human feeling in craftsmanship  Florentine painters drove byMasaccio strove to depict the human structure everything being equal, creating strategies to renderâ perspectiveâ and light more normally Renaissance could be seen as an endeavor by intelligent people to consider and improve theâ secularâ and common, both through the recovery of thoughts from days of yore, and through novel ways to deal with thought. During the Renaissance, cash and craftsmanship went inseparably. Specialists relied absolutely upon benefactors while the supporters required cash to continue prodigies The Early Renaissance saw the main experts of the time explore different avenues regarding shading, point of view, tone, topic and numerous different parts of their work. Just because craftsmen had the option to investigate topic inconsequential to religion. Rococo: xaggerated movement and clear, effectively deciphered detail to deliver show, strain, extravagance, and loftiness  In Baroque model, gatherings of figures expected new significance, and there was a unique development and vitality of human forms†they spiraled around a vacant focal vortex, or ventured outwards into the encompassing space. In this paper I mean on considering and making an examination between 4 fine arts altogether; 2 Baroque pieces and 2 pieces that have a place from the Renaissance time frame. Both the periods began in Italy and afterward spread over the greater part of Europe with time. The Renaissance was a development that began in Florence, during the fourteenth century and kept going roughly till the seventeenth century. It influenced and changed Europe socially and henceforth impacted the fine art being delivered. Specialists strived to accomplish increasingly humanistic and sensible portrayals. They further investigated straight point of view and concentrated on showing human feelings. The Baroque time frame began after the Renaissance time frame, generally around the seventeenth century, in Rome. The craftsmen inclined towards increasingly serious and dynamic craftsmanship that included overstated movement and subtleties which could be effectively deciphered. This gave the fine arts more vitality and dramatization. The pieces I decided for my first correlation are both equestrian sculptures which were appointed by either the ruler or the state to the individual craftsmen. Both of these figures are memorial show-stoppers and were based on demand. The primary piece from the Renaissance time frame is an equestrian sculpture of Gattamelata while the piece looked over the Baroque time frame is the equestrian sculpture of King Louis XIV. The principal design, the equestrian sculpture of Gattamelata was finished somewhere in the range of 1447 and 1450, during early renaissance. It begins from Pauda, Italy and is produced using Bronze. It was made by Donatello, a very much practiced craftsman of the early renaissance time frame, who was charged to shape a memorial sculpture by the Republic of Venice. It is a real existence size sculpture estimating 12’2† high, made to pay tribute to the hired fighter officer pioneer Erasmo da Narni, following his passing. Erasmo da Narni was one of the best war chiefs (condottieri) of his time and was known as Gattamelata. He is credited the accomplishment of numerous military crusades. The platform under the fundamental sculpture is made of marble has additionally been structured by Donatello. It has 2 reliefs on it towards the top and has two entryways towards the base. One of the reliefs shows fight covering being shown by two holy messengers while the other one shows two Putti (A figure in works of art of a male, normally bare, plump kid) highlighting a crest of the perished. The subsequent model, from the Baroque time frame, to be contrasted with the main bit of craftsmanship is the Equestrian sculpture of lord Louis the XIV, by Gianlorenzo Bernini. The lord, Louis the Great, himself had appointed Bernini to make an equestrian sculpture of him. The genuine model is produced using marble and was not etched by Bernini, as he couldn't do so given his time of more than 73 years. The earthenware model anyway was finished by him. He began taking a shot at it in 1669 and completed it in a year, by 1670. The model is 76 cm tall and was made in Rome, Italy. Ruler Louis XIV was otherwise called Louis the incredible and his reign over France was one of the longest in the entirety of Europe. The distinction in these two figures emerges quickly from how the importance of the topic contrasts and how the force in their ownership shifts. The main model is of a condotteri while the subsequent figure is of a ruler. The loftiness of the subsequent model consequently is increasingly common in the workmanship piece. The equestrian sculpture of Gattamelata passes on the war captain’s authority and splendor through utilization of feelings. Erasmo has a genuine appearance all over and he watches out in the far separation to a point of convergence. So also the pony seems caution and prepared for the fight to come. Its head is inclined to a similar side Erasmo is taking a gander at and the situation of its legs suggests movement. Profound investigation and perception of human and pony life systems is clear from the figure and shows how specialists during the renaissance time frame focused on a more elevated level of humanism and authenticity in their work of art. Different types of imagery is additionally used to communicate and pass on messages. The front left foot of the pony lays on a sphere, which is an old image for command over the earth. Erasmo conveys a blade and a stick to show his association with the military and his administration. As opposed to the accuracy and efficient discernment of Italian Renaissance elegance, Baroque craftsmanship and engineering are dynamic, dramatic, and profoundly fancy. What's more, he pounded out a MEANING for the stone. â€Å"That’s the Peak of Virtue. The Divine King Louis, similar to Hercules before him, went to an intersection down underneath. There he needed to pick between the Primrose Path or the Rocky Climb. He picked the troublesome one and now here he has arrived at the Peak, which is the Temple of Virtue or Glory. † On one side there are two putti highlighting an emblem of the perished bogus entryways, which represent ways to the black market. This gives the landmark a feeling of a burial place the ponies foot, for instance is on a circle, the antiquated image for authority over the earth The human figure and the pony both in this model are of life-size and Donatello utilizes outward appearances and feelings that are shown through Erasmo to pass on the heiarchy and the force he has. Donatello utilized feeling, position, and imagery to pass on a similar message. In this way, Donatello says something of the intensity of the genuine individual; he doesn't have to decorate or make more amazing whom Gattamelata was †the basic delineation of the genuine man is sufficient to pass on his capacity. wed old style point of reference with his own extreme, interestingly visionary authenticity to create a landmark that would outperform all past such works, therefore address the ages and the crowd of his age. the Gattamelata walks into the void of the square, encapsulating oneself made, endeavoring person that so dazzled the Renaissance. Gattamelata rides in wonderful control, the cudgel of order crossing his horse’s neck. Pony and rider are alert, in order as veteran campaigners come to be  Their heads are gone conclusively aside, towards an observer seeing from the west, their look coordinated towards a point of convergence out there. The pony and rider are immediately solidified on march, the feeling of dynamic force contained is passed on to a limited extent by stirrups, which gives the rider his predominant â€Å"seat† and the five pointed star spike at the focal point of the pony framing a vertical line down the focal point of the sculpture adjusted by the horizontality of the marble base. Dontatello’s enthusiasm for life structures just as his affectability to physiognomy served him well. Our eyes are attracted to the gag, shorter and more huge than that of Marcus Aurelius’ horse, strung with veins, nostrils flared †an indication of physical work. A throbbing vitality is additionally passed on by the open mouth, where the harness would interface the bit to the rider’s hands. The harness is depicted in the first bronze sculpture however doesn't show up in the cast. Notice the angling peak of the neck, which Degas never aced, and the muscles of the neck, which, through the smallest projection and downturn, appear to move under skin, which swells from the turning of the head. The popping veins in the neck are caught similar to the hard projections, specifically the survey, the territory between the ears, one of which gleams behind, mindful to the orders of its rider. [ 1 ]. Donatellos Gattamelata and Its Humanist Audience, Bergstein, Mary [ 2 ]. Gardener’s workmanship through ages, Fred S. Kleiner [ 3 ]. Equestrian landmark of Erasmo da Narni, called Gattamelata, Mary Ann Sullivan [ 4 ]. Web display of workmanship

Traveling Through the Dark Essay Example for Free

Going Through the Dark Essay Rundown: A man finds a gunned down deer along the edge of the street while going through a wilderness. He further gets discouraged to discover the deer pregnant. As he needs to push ahead on his way, so he drives the deer into the waterway. Rework: I went over a deer in favor of Wilson River Road while I was going through the shadowy wilderness. Because of the sparkle of backdrop illumination, I leaped out of vehicle and found a hill of a deer that was executed as of late. Â She was practically dead as her body was solidified. While pulling her aside, I understood that she was pregnant. While contacting her side with my fingers, I came to know the explanation behind her enormous mid-region. Her side was warm and her baby was lying alive in her gut yet never to take birth. I was hesitant to proceed onward further on this rough street. Vehicle planned to push ahead as it darkened it leaving lights and strong motor hummed under the hat. I situated myself by the light emissions warm fumes fan that was turning hot. I had the option to consider the boondocks spy on my gathering. I attempted to focus on this for the entirety of my gathering individuals yet just I was swinging over. At that point I pushed on the deer on the verge and slammed it into the stream.

Habitual Offender Laws in Alabama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ongoing Offender Laws in Alabama - Essay Example While Erwin Chemerinsky attempts to demonstrate that the three strikes law doesn't generally work and the craziness of applying it to the Leandro Andrade and other peaceful offenses, Helland and Tabarrok have evaluated that it adequately discourages just as debilitates both delicate center and in-your-face guilty parties, by lessening wrongdoing between 17-20 percent. It is exorbitant since the normal wrongdoer under three strikes law goes through in any event 20 years in jail. All things considered, it forestalls in any event 31,000 wrongdoings every year by saving crooks off the roads for longer terms. Presentation The three strikes law is a law that permits State Courts to force a lifelong incarceration with plausibility of parole for individuals who have been indicted for at least three violations of savage or genuine nature. It was well known during the 1990s yet has been censured recently - it doesn't take into account judges to take a gander at the conditions of the case and l et the discipline fit the wrongdoing. Conversation It appears that three strikes law is another type of required condemning, and those rules were tossed out of the window by the Supreme Court in 2005 (MSNBC News Website, 2005). Composing against the routine guilty parties law in California, Harvard graduate and Constitutional Law master Erwin Chemerinsky’s article entitled ‘Is California’s Three Strikes Mandatory Sentencing Law Cruel and Unusual Punishment?’ contends against the Three Strikes Law in the light of three or four cases. Leandro Andrade was condemned to 50 years or two back to back terms of 25 years each due to taking kids’ tapes on two separate events the all out estimation of which was $153. Since he had two earlier feelings, the appointed authority chose to slap a lawful offense on him-rather than a crime that conveyed an a lot lesser sentence. The principle impulse for change has originated from FAMM or Families Against Mandatory Sen tencing, which expresses that these laws are persistent and pass sentence just based on the weight and kind of medication a guilty party has (FAMM, 2012) The Law has obviously settled that terribly unbalanced disciplines are brutal and unordinary and disregard the Eighth Amendment. In Atkins v. Virginia (2002) the Court had decided that the Eighth Amendment briefly precludes over the top approvals. What is to be taken a gander at is (1) the gravity of the offense and the cruelty of the punishment; (2) sentences forced on different hoodlums in a similar region and (3) sentences forced on lawbreakers for a similar wrongdoing submitted in different zones. In Coker v. Georgia (1977) it was decided that the sentence of death endorsed for assault was terribly unbalanced and over the top as far as the Eighth Amendment. So also in Solem it was contended that to convict a man to life detainment for passing an awful check for $100 and six earlier lighter and peaceful offenses was unlawful and over the top. Both the Helm and Andrade cases were peaceful offenses and included sums under $400, which isolates great burglary from trivial robbery. By taking a gander at earlier records, the three strikes law is rebuffing a criminal for earlier offenses for which he has just spent time in jail. It could be maintained if sensible men upheld the choice, however no sensible man will. Writing on the side of the three strikes law in Does Three Strikes Deter? Eric Helland and Alex Tabarrok (2007) express that this law was ordered in California in March 1994.

Commemorative Speech

Today, I'm going to reveal to you why I'm pleased to share the historical backdrop of the Soccer Ball and the adoration for the lovely game. Sick. The majority of you know about the glad legacy that the round of soccer has become in our nation, yet around the globe. ‘V. Today, I will remember the Soccer Ball and the adoration for the wonderful round of Soccer. I need to impart to every one of you about our pleased history and legacy, and talk about actually what working and living with you folks has intended to me these previous three years. Progress: First, I might want to impart to you the astonishing history of the round of Soccer. ) Body l. Since the beginning, people have delighted in kicking a ball or something like a ball. A. As per recorded references and legends, early balls extended from human heads, creature or human skulls, to creature bladders. B. It wasn't until 1855, when Charles Goodyear planned and fabricated the principal elastic soccer ball. C. From that poin t forward, at regular intervals another ball is planned extraordinarily for the World Cup. II. B.Due to their specific preparing, the men of second Ranger Battalion were picked to lead procedure on June 6, 1944 during the Invasion of Normandy. ll. The Invasion of Normandy is ostensibly one of the most celebrated and most prominent accomplishments the men f second Ranger Battalion picked up reputation for. A. During the Invasion of Normandy, the second Ranger Battalion was part in two and sent on two unique missions. Sick. One of these gatherings was send to Omaha Beach. endeavor to finish the crucial nation asked of them. B.They confronted substantial firearm fire, mortar assaults, and overwhelming setbacks as they ran up the sea shore to quell the German shelters. IV. The other gathering of men were entrusted with scaling the bluffs of Point Du Hoc to decimate 1 55 mm weapons. A. These men scaled precipices utilizing catching snares and rope stepping stools while gunfire and hand p rojectiles came down over them. B. When these men arrived at the highest point of the bluffs, they held their situation for two days against overwhelming German counter assaults while just 33% of them were left remaining toward the end still ready to fght. V.Both of these examples offer pride to the association. A. These men gazed passing in the face and battled against it for more prominent's benefit. B. Regardless of being vigorously overpowered with the chances stacked against them, these Rangers utilized their preparation, creativity, and mental fortitude to finish the mission. (Progress: When I consider the history I have Just talked about and take a gander at all of you tanding here, I see a similar sort of man before me that I have Just depicted to you. ) l. Since I can recollect that, I have viewed a soccer ball being kicked around.A. Each Sunday, I would wake up and soccer would be on TV. I would sit by my father and watch the games with him. B. There were times when we wou ld proceed to kick the ball around as opposed to watching it on TV. C. This was our dad little girl time and I adored it. D. Indeed, even now, being a long way from my dad, we despite everything bond through soccer whether it be discussing games or when I get back home and visit go watch a game. E. It is a ymbolic figure and portrayal to the best countries on the planet 1. No other game has a similar effect as the World Cup.Entire nations come to a standstill to watch games. 2. Indeed, even the individuals who arent fans can and ought to value that the World Cup is definitely in excess of a simple rivalry. During the following year, a huge number of individuals will commend a common enthusiasm and, as a result of it, maybe fret somewhat less over the things that divide them. That is a lovely and very uncommon thing. Regardless of whether we don't communicate in one another's dialects, don't generally acknowledge and espect each other's societies, religions, governmental issues and w ay of life decisions, â€Å"Goal! is a word that reverberates Joyfully and is comprehended from Beijing to Bogota, Sydney to Seattle. No other game addresses such a significant number of. The game's cross-fringe, cross-culture, cross-division comprehensiveness is the thing that makes the World Cup so uncommon, a festival not of 22 players on a pitch however of all who watch them. F. At long last, everything I can say is that all of you hold my most profound and most earnest deference. (Progress: I feel pride not just in light of the fact that I am a piece of an association with such a suffering and pleased history, but since of the men remaining before me right Conclusion 1 .The World Cup is an occasion loaded up with individual stories, national pride, and awful minutes, and one year from now in Brazil will be the same. Despite the fact that these have been the hardest and most hopeless occasions of my life, I wouldn't transform it for anything. A. To be a piece of such a glad ass ociation, and to have invested this energy with you all is indispensable. B. It has been a respect and a benefit to serve in second Ranger Battalion and to have served close to the best and most intrepid individuals I have ever met in my life. C. Much obliged to you for the recollections. II. Officers Lead The Way! Memorial Speech Today, I'm going to reveal to you why I'm glad to share the historical backdrop of the Soccer Ball and the affection for the delightful game. Sick. The vast majority of you know about the pleased legacy that the round of soccer has become in our nation, yet around the globe. ‘V. Today, I will recognize the Soccer Ball and the adoration for the lovely round of Soccer. I need to impart to every one of you about our glad history and legacy, and talk about by and by what working and living with you all has intended to me these previous three years. Progress: First, I might want to impart to you the stunning history of the round of Soccer. ) Body l. Since the beginning, people have delighted in kicking a ball or something like a ball. A. As per authentic references and legends, early balls ran from human heads, creature or human skulls, to creature bladders. B. It wasn't until 1855, when Charles Goodyear structured and constructed the main elastic soccer ball. C. From that point for ward, at regular intervals another ball is planned extraordinarily for the World Cup. II. B.Due to their specific preparing, the men of second Ranger Battalion were picked to lead procedure on June 6, 1944 during the Invasion of Normandy. ll. The Invasion of Normandy is ostensibly one of the most renowned and most prominent accomplishments the men f second Ranger Battalion picked up reputation for. A. During the Invasion of Normandy, the second Ranger Battalion was part in two and sent on two unique missions. Sick. One of these gatherings was send to Omaha Beach. endeavor to finish the strategic nation asked of them. B.They confronted substantial firearm fire, mortar assaults, and overwhelming losses as they ran up the sea shore to curb the German fortifications. IV. The other gathering of men were entrusted with scaling the bluffs of Point Du Hoc to annihilate 1 55 mm weapons. A. These men scaled precipices utilizing catching snares and rope stepping stools while gunfire and hand p rojectiles came down over them. B. When these men arrived at the highest point of the bluffs, they held their situation for two days against overwhelming German counter assaults while just 33% of them were left remaining toward the end still ready to fght. V.Both of these occasions offer pride to the association. A. These men gazed demise in the face and battled against it for more prominent's benefit. B. Regardless of being vigorously overpowered with the chances stacked against them, these Rangers utilized their preparation, resourcefulness, and fortitude to finish the mission. (Change: When I consider the history I have Just talked about and take a gander at all of you tanding here, I see a similar kind of man before me that I have Just depicted to you. ) l. Since I can recall that, I have viewed a soccer ball being kicked around.A. Each Sunday, I would wake up and soccer would be on TV. I would sit by my father and watch the games with him. B. There were times when we would proc eed to kick the ball around as opposed to watching it on TV. C. This was our dad little girl time and I adored it. D. Indeed, even now, being a long way from my dad, we despite everything bond through soccer whether it be discussing games or when I get back home and visit go watch a game. E. It is a ymbolic figure and portrayal to the best countries on the planet 1. No other game has a similar effect as the World Cup.Entire nations come to a standstill to watch games. 2. Indeed, even the individuals who arent fans can and ought to value that the World Cup is undeniably in excess of a minor rivalry. During the following year, a huge number of individuals will commend a mutual energy and, as a result of it, maybe fret somewhat less over the things that divide them. That is a delightful and very uncommon thing. Regardless of whether we don't communicate in one another's dialects, don't generally acknowledge and espect each other's societies, religions, governmental issues and way of li fe decisions, â€Å"Goal! is a word that resounds Joyfully and is comprehended from Beijing to Bogota, Sydney to Seattle. No other game addresses such a large number of. The game's cross-outskirt, cross-culture, cross-division all inclusiveness is the thing that makes the World Cup so exceptional, a festival not of 22 players on a pitch yet of all who watch them. F. At long last, everything I can say is that all of you hold my most profound and most genuine esteem. (Progress: I feel pride not just on the grounds that I am a piece of an association with such a suffering and glad history, but since of the men remaining before me right Conclusion 1 .The World Cup is an occasion loaded up with individual stories, national pride, and awful minutes, and one year from now in Brazil will be the same. In spite of the fact that these have been the hardest and most hopeless occasions of my life, I wouldn't transform it for anything. A. To be a piece of such a pleased association, and to have invested this energy with you folks is imperative. B. It has been a respect and a benefit to serve in second Ranger Battalion and to have served close to the best and most courageous individuals I have ever met in my life. C. Much obliged to you for the recollections. II. Officers Lead The Way!

B. F. Skinner Biography of the Behaviorist Thinker

B. F. Skinner Biography of the Behaviorist Thinker More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Best Known For Biography Inventions   Project Pigeon The Baby Tender Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Teaching Machines Later Life and Career Awards and Recognitions Select Publications Contributions B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his influence on  behaviorism. Skinner referred to his own philosophy as radical behaviorism and suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion. All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning. Best Known For Operant conditioningSchedules of ReinforcementSkinner BoxCumulative RecorderRadical Behaviorism Among his many discoveries, inventions, and accomplishments were the creation of the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner Box), his research on schedules of reinforcement, the introduction of response rates as a dependent variable in research, and the creation of the cumulative recorder to track these response rates. In one survey, Skinner was named the most influential psychologist of the twentieth-century. Birth and Death Born: March 20, 1904Died: August 18, 1990 Biography Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born and raised in the small town of Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His father was a lawyer and his mother a homemaker and he grew up with a brother who was two years his junior. He later described his Pennsylvania childhood as warm and stable. As a boy, he enjoyed building and inventing things; a skill he would later use in his own psychological experiments. His younger brother Edward died at the age of 16 due to a cerebral hemorrhage. During high school, Skinner started to develop an interest in scientific reasoning from his extensive study of the works of Francis Bacon. He went on to receive a B.A. in English literature in 1926 from Hamilton College. After earning his undergraduate degree he decided to become a writer, a period of his life that he would later refer to as the dark year. During this time he wrote only a few short newspaper articles and quickly grew disillusioned with his literary talents, despite receiving some encouragement and mentorship from the famed poet Robert Frost. While working as a clerk at a bookstore, Skinner happened upon the works of Pavlov and Watson, which became a turning point in his life and career. Inspired by these works, Skinner decided to abandon his career as a novelist and entered the psychology graduate program at Harvard University. After receiving his  Ph.D.  from Harvard in 1931, Skinner continued to work at the university for the next five years thanks to a fellowship. During this period of time, he  continued  his research on operant behavior and operant conditioning. He  married Yvonne Blue in 1936, and the couple went on to have two daughters, Julie and Deborah. Inventions   During his time at Harvard, Skinner became interested in studying human behavior in an objective and scientific way. He developed what he referred to as an operant conditioning apparatus, which later become known as a Skinner box. The device was a chamber that contained a bar or key that an animal could press in order to receive food, water, or some other form of reinforcement. It was during this time at Harvard that he also invented the cumulative recorder, a device that recorded responses as a sloped line. By looking at the slope of the line, which indicated the rate of response, Skinner was able to see that response rates depended upon what happened after the animal pressed the bar. That is, higher response rates followed rewards while lower response rates followed a lack of rewards. The device also allowed Skinner to see that the schedule of reinforcement that was used also influenced the rate of response. Using this device, he found that behavior did not depend on the preceding stimulus as Watson and Pavlov maintained. Instead, Skinner found that behaviors were dependent on what happens after the response. Skinner called this operant behavior. Project Pigeon Skinner took a teaching position at the University of Minnesota following his marriage. While teaching at the University of Minnesota and during the height of World War II, Skinner became interested in helping with the war effort. He received funding for a project that involved training pigeons to guide bombs since no missile guidance systems existed at the time. In Project Pigeon, as it was called, pigeons were placed in the nose cone of a missile and were trained to peck at a target that would then direct the missile toward the intended target. The project never came to fruition, since the development of radar was also underway, although Skinner had considerable success working with the pigeons. While the project was eventually canceled, it did lead to some interesting findings and Skinner was even able to teach the pigeons to play ping-pong. The Baby Tender In 1943, B.F. Skinner also invented the baby tender at the request of his wife. It is important to note that the baby tender is not the same as the Skinner box, which was used in Skinners experimental research. He created the enclosed heated crib with a plexiglass window in response to his wifes request for a safer alternative to traditional cribs. Ladies Home Journal printed an article on the crib with the title Baby in a Box, contributing in part to some misunderstanding over the cribs intended use. A later incident also led to further misunderstandings over Skinners baby crib. In her 2004 book Opening Skinners Box: Great Psychology Experiments of the Twentieth Century, author Lauren Slater mentioned the oft-cited rumor that  the baby tender was actually used as an experimental device.?? The rumors were that Skinners daughter had served as a subject and that she had committed suicide as a result. Slaters book pointed out that this was nothing more than a rumor, but a later review of the book mistakenly stated that her book supported the claims. This led to an angry and passionate rebuttal of the rumors by Skinners very much alive and well daughter Deborah. In 1945, Skinner moved to Bloomington, Indiana and became Psychology Department Chair at the University of Indiana. In 1948, he joined the psychology department at Harvard University where he remained for the rest of his life. Operant Conditioning In Skinners operant conditioning process, an operant referred to any behavior that acts on the environment and leads to consequences. He contrasted operant behaviors (the actions under our control) with respondent behaviors, which he described as anything that occurs reflexively or automatically such as jerking your finger back when you accidentally touch a hot pan. Skinner identified reinforcement as any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. The two types of reinforcement he identified were positive reinforcement (favorable outcomes such as reward or praise) and negative reinforcement (the removal of unfavorable outcomes). Punishment can also play an important role in the operant conditioning process. According to Skinner, punishment is the application of an adverse outcome that decreases or weakens the behavior it follows. Positive punishment involves presenting an unfavorable outcome (prison, spanking, scolding) while negative punishment involves removing a favorable outcome following a behavior (taking away a favorite toy, getting grounded). Schedules of Reinforcement In his research on operant conditioning, Skinner also discovered and described schedules of reinforcement: Fixed-ratio schedulesVariable-ratio schedulesFixed-interval schedulesVariable-interval schedules Teaching Machines Skinner also developed an interest in education and teaching after attending his daughters math class in 1953. Skinner noted that none of the students received any sort of  immediate feedback on their performance. Some students struggled and were unable to complete the problems while others finished quickly but really didnt learn anything new. Instead, Skinner believed that the best approach would be to create some sort of device that would shape behavior, offering incremental feedback until a desired response was achieved. He started by developing a math teaching machine that offered immediate feedback after each problem. However, this initial device did not actually teach new skills. Eventually, he was able to develop a machine that delivered incremental feedback and presented material in a series of small steps until students acquired new skills, a process known as programmed instruction. Skinner later published a collection of his writings on teaching and education titled The Technology of Teaching. Later Life and Career Skinners  research and writing quickly made him one of the leaders of the behaviorist movement in psychology and his work contributed immensely to the development of experimental psychology. Drawing on his former literary career, Skinner also used fiction to present many of his theoretical ideas. In his 1948 book Walden Two, Skinner described a fictional utopian society in which people were trained to become ideal citizens through the use of operant conditioning. His 1971 book Beyond Freedom and Dignity  also made him a lightning rod for controversy since his work seemed to imply that humans did not truly possess free will. His 1974 book About Behaviorism was written in part to dispel many of the rumors about his theories and research. In his later years, Skinner continued to write about his life and his theories. He was diagnosed with leukemia in 1989. Just eight days before he died, Skinner was given a lifetime achievement award by the American Psychological Association and he delivered a 15-minute talk to a crowded auditorium when he accepted the award. He died on August 18, 1990. Awards and Recognitions 1966 Edward Lee Thorndike Award, American Psychological Association1968 - National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson1971 - Gold Medal of the American Psychological Foundation1972 - Human of the Year Award1990 - Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology Select Publications Skinner, B. F. (1935) Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type Journal of General Psychology, 12, 66-77.Skinner, B. F. (1938) Superstition’ in the pigeon Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172.Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57, 193-216.Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond Freedom and DignitySkinner, B. F. (1989) The Origins of Cognitive Thought Recent Issues in the Analysis of Behavior, Merrill Publishing Company. Contributions to  Psychology Skinner was a prolific author, publishing nearly 200 articles and more than 20 books. In a 2002 survey of psychologists, he was identified as the most influential 20th-century psychologist. While behaviorism is no longer a dominant school of thought, his work in operant conditioning remains vital today. Mental health professionals often utilize operant techniques when working with clients, teachers frequently use reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior in the classroom, and animal trainers rely heavily on these techniques to train dogs and other animals. Skinners remarkable legacy has left both a lasting mark on psychology and numerous other fields ranging from philosophy to education.

Inspired Relevancy Podcast 165

   Podcast 164 began the first of a three-part conversation about relevancy. The first segment focused on the highest form of relevancy—intrinsic relevancy. Intrinsic relevancy relates to something that a person is born with and is a natural extension of that person. In Podcast 165 the conversation continues, this time Andrew and Julie discuss something Andrew Pudewa has termed â€Å"inspired relevancy.† While intrinsic relevancy comes in as the strongest of the four forms of relevancy, inspired relevancy is only a small step away and can actually be a very effective way to motivate students to learn. Inspired relevancy may be demonstrated in a child who gains a new interest in a subject, whether it be soccer, stamps, sailing, or something else, simply because his best friend is interested in it as well. Astute parents and teachers can leverage inspired relevancy to encourage engaged learning in their students. One way to accomplish this is to find subject matter that is intrinsically interesting to the students and use that to capture their interest. Another way to inspire students is to model for them what you wish them to do, for example, writing, doing math, or eating healthy foods. By showing your students that you value something, you help them to value it as well. Would you like to learn more about how you can harness inspired relevancy in your classroom or home? Listen to the podcast for additional information and tips about this fascinating subject. Perhaps it will inspire you!

VAX Computer Work Together with VAXclusters - 885 Words

VAXclusters is made to be used by using many VAX computers so that all these systems could work together and operate as one unit. Professionals are making new programs so that updated working could be obtained through VAXclusters. Users of VAXclusters are able to have speed for almost 70MB per second which is able to handle nearly 3000 messages in one second. It means that users of VAXclusters are able to have high sending and receiving of messages in this system. Multiprocessors are tightly coupled in VAXclusters and distributed systems are loosely coupled so that users could get instant results. Professionals are installing and updating programs in VAXclusters so that desired results can be obtained by users. Professionals had a goal in mind to make a system with VAX computers which will be available for users in order to process their queries with great speed and accuracy. Continued working and research gave birth to a new system which is known as VAXclusters. All data is stored in a large sized hard disk and users of VAXclusters have access to this storage of data for getting benefits. VAXclusters is available for users all the time and it is easy to extend this system as it is made in such a manner to have easy installations of systems and programs for better performance. Professionals are available and working on VAXclusters for increasing the scope of working and providing more areas for users. Much advancement have made in old models so that new VAXclusters couldShow MoreRelatedThe Cambridge distributed computing system has performed an essential role in enhancing the quality1900 Words   |  8 Pagescommunications via computers. By using processing techniques instant outcomes could be acquired which may make it feasible to deliver and obtain data anytime as well as storage might be carried out in the preferred method. Sophisticated technology has created it feasible for people to get computers within their ownership and obtain the b est outcomes for communications. The Cambridge distributed computing system is useful in producing connections among various kinds of computers regarding fast functioning